Figure 1.

Schematic representation of amino acid catabolic processes. The Tricarboxylic acid cycles reactions are represented by green arrows conducting to the respective intermediate products. The boxed intermediates, including the non-TCA intermediate Acetoacetyl-CoA, are the sites of amino acid confluences for carbon skeleton oxidation. In red, amino acids mainly involved in energy production; in yellow, amino acids mainly involved in redox balance; in blue, amino acids mainly involved in cell invasion and metastasis; in grey, amino acids mainly involved in apoptosis; in green, amino acids mainly involved in mTOR activation. The continuous or dotted black arrows represent non-TCA reactions or pathways, respectively.