Figure 1.

Evolutionary relationships among the four Hemiptera suborders and some selected Heteroptera. Hemipterans are divided taxonomically into four monophyletic suborders: Sternorrhyncha (i.e., aphids, psyllids, and whiteflies), Auchenorrhyncha (i.e., cicadas, spittlebugs, and planthoppers), Coleorrhyncha (i.e., moss bugs), and Heteroptera, (i.e., true tugs). Among the Heteroptera, the infraorders Pentatomomorpha (i.e., stinkbugs and firebugs) and Cimicomorpha (i.e., bed bugs, and triatomines) present symbioses with extracellular GI tract bacteria. Phylogenetic relationships were drawn based on [81,82].