Table 1.
Summary of relevant studies of HT in cellular in vitro models.
| Study | In Vitro Model | Conditions | HT Health Benefits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Salami et al., 1995 [45] |
CuS04-treated LDL samples | 10−5 M HT | ↓ F2-isoprostanes, ↑ Vit E |
| Visioli et al., 1995 [46] |
CuS04-treated LDL samples | HT range 10−6–10−4 M | ↑ Vit E, ↓ lipid peroxidation |
| Carluccio et al., 2003 [66] | HUVECs and BAECs + LPS, IL-1β, TNFα, or PMA | 30 μM HT | ↓ VCAM-1, ↓ ICAM-1, ↓ NF-kB, ↓ AP-1, ↓ E-selectin |
| O’Dowd et al., 2004 [49] | TNF and fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils | 10 μM HT | ↓ H2O2 |
| Berrougui et al., 2005 [47] | [3H]-Cholesterol-loaded J774 macrophages | HT range 0–25 μM | ↑ ABCA1, ↑ apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux |
| Schmitt et al., 2007 [41] |
EA.hy926 | 0.1–100 µM HT for 24 h | No effect on endothelial NO bioavailability and eNOS activity |
| Carluccio et al., 2007 [69] | Hcy-stimulated HUVECs | HT range 0.1–1 μM | ↓ VCAM-1, ↓ ROS, ↓ NF-κB |
| Dell’Agli et al., 2008 [72] | Human platelets | 10 μM HT | ↓ cAMP-PDE, ↓ platelet aggregation |
| Zrelli et al., 2011 [52] |
VECs + H2O2 | 10, 30, 50 μM HT for 24 h | ↓ ROS, ↑ CAT, ↑ FOXO3a, ↑ pAMPK |
| Richard et al., 2011 [62] |
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 | 25 μM HT | ↓ NO, ↓ PGE₂, ↓ IL-1α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6, ↓ IL-12, ↓ TNFα, ↓ CXCL10/IP-10, ↓ CCL2/MCP-1, ↓ iNOS, ↓ MMP-9 |
| Zou et al., 2012 [55] |
VECs + H2O2 | 50 μM HT | ↑ pAkt, ↑ p-p38, ↑ pErK, ↑ Nrf2, ↑ HO-1, ↓ ROS |
| Scoditti et al., 2012 [76] |
HUVEC + PMA | 10 μM HT | ↓ MMP-9, ↓ COX-2, ↓ PGE2, ↓ NF-kB |
| Rosignoli et al., 2013 [65] | PMA-activated PBMC | 100 μM HT | ↓ O2−, ↓ COX-2, ↓ PGE2 |
| Scoditti et al., 2014 [63] |
PMA-activated PBMC and U937 | HT range 1–10 μM | ↓ MMP-9, ↓ COX-2, ↓ PGE₂, ↓ NF-kB, ↓ PKCβ1, ↓ PKC-α |
| Takeda et al., 2014 [64] |
LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages | 12.5 μg/mL HT | ↓ iNOS, ↓ NO |
| Storniolo et al., 2014 [43] | HG-stimulated ECV304 | 10 µM HT for 48 h | ↓ ROS, ↑ ET-1, ↑ p-eNOS, ↑ NO |
| Scoditti et al., 2015 [75] |
SGBS cells + TNFα | HT range 0.1–20 μM | ↓ pJNK, ↑ adiponectin, ↑ PPARγ |
| Catalán, et al., 2015 [71] | TNF-α-stimulated HAEC | 1, 2, 5, 10 μM HT for 24 h | ↓ E-selectin, ↓ P-selectin, ↓ VCAM-1, ↓ ICAM-1, ↓ MCP-1 |
| Ozbek et al., 2015 [51] |
H9c2 + O2− | HT range 0.1-10 µg/mL for 24 h | ↓ ROS, ↓ pMAPKAPK-2, ↓ pErk1/2, ↑ Hsp27, ↓ c-CASP3 |
| Zrelli et al., 2015 [57] |
VECs | HT range 10-100 μM | ↑ PI3K/Akt, ↑ pErK, ↑ Nrf2, ↑ HO-1 |
| Tagliaferro et al., 2015 [53] | Hg induced hemolysis of human RBC | HT range 10-80 μM | ↓ ROS, ↑ GSH |
| Officioso et al., 2016 [54] | Hg induced hemolysis of human RBC | HT range 0.1–5 μM | ↓ Eryptosis |
| Atzeri et al., 2016 [48] |
Caco-2 + oxidized cholesterol | HT range 2.5–10 μM | ↓ ROS, ↑ GSH, ↓ GPx activity |
| Calabriso et al., 2018 [50] | PMA-stimulated HUVEC and HMEC-1 | HT range 1–30 μM | ↓TNFα, ↓IL-1β, ↓VCAM-1, ↓ ICAM-1, ↓ mtROS, ↓ ROS, ↓ MDA, ↓ MnSOD |
| Manna et al., 2019 [67] |
Hcy/TNFα-stimulated EA.hy 926 | HT range 0.5–2.5 μM | ↓ ICAM-1 |
| Wang et al., 2019 [42] |
HG-stimulated HUVECs | 25, 50, 100 µM HT-NO for 48 h | ↑ p-eNOS, ↑ NO, ↓ ROS, ↑ SIRT-1 |
↓: decrease, ↑: increase, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule- 1, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1, NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, AP-1: Activator protein 1, ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, NO: nitric oxide, eNOS: endothelial Nitric Oxide Sinthase, ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, CAT: catalase enzyme, FOXO3a: Forkhead box O3, AMPK: AMP-activated protein chinasi, PGE2: Prostaglandin E2, TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor, iNOS: inducible Nitric Oxide Sinthase, CXCL10/IP-10: IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, CCL2/MCP1: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase 9, Akt: serine/threonine-protein kinases, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1, COX: Cyclooxygenase, O2−: superoxide anion, HG: High Glucose, ET-1: endothelin-1, GPx: Glutathione Peroxidase, fMLP: bacterial chemotactic peptide n-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine, IL: interleukin, mtROS: mitochondrial ROS, MDA: Malondialdehyde, MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase, MAPKAPK-2: Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2, Hsp27: Heat shock protein 27, c-CASP3: cleaved caspase-3, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases, Hcy: Homocysteine, PDE: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, SIRT-1: sirtuin 1.