Table 2.
Risk factors for Plasmodium infection incidence among children aged 5–15 years in Banfora region of Burkina Faso
| Variables | Number of children | Number of infections | Time at risk (years) | Rate | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 5–7 | 76 | 164 | 31.09 | 5.28 | – | – | ||
| 8–15 | 176 | 386 | 71.40 | 5.41 | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.59 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 131 | 288 | 52.93 | 5.44 | – | – | ||
| Female | 121 | 262 | 49.56 | 5.29 | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.46 | ||
| Ethnic group | ||||||||
| Other ethnicity | 236 | 519 | 95.82 | 5.42 | – | – | ||
| Fulani | 16 | 31 | 6.66 | 4.65 | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.28 | ||
| Caregiver’s education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 199 | 443 | 80.45 | 5.51 | – | – | ||
| Literate | 53 | 107 | 22.04 | 4.86 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.09 | ||
| Caregiver’s occupation | ||||||||
| Farmer | 240 | 523 | 97.39 | 5.37 | – | – | ||
| Non farmer | 12 | 27 | 5.09 | 5.30 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.89 | ||
| Religion | ||||||||
| Muslims | 170 | 375 | 68.97 | 5.44 | – | – | ||
| Christians | 33 | 67 | 13.93 | 4.81 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.09 | ||
| Animists | 49 | 108 | 19.58 | 5.51 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.85 | ||
| SES quintile | ||||||||
| Poorest | 46 | 102 | 20.16 | 5.06 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.14 | ||
| Poor | 44 | 95 | 18.47 | 5.14 | ||||
| Middle | 44 | 98 | 18.21 | 5.38 | ||||
| Rich | 46 | 103 | 19.34 | 5.33 | ||||
| Richest | 47 | 106 | 17.79 | 5.96 | ||||
| SES factor score | ||||||||
| 1 unit increase | – | – | – | – | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.03 | 1.05 (1.00–1.11)* | 0.04 |
| Travel history during the study period | ||||||||
| No | 246 | 537 | 100.93 | 5.32 | – | |||
| Yes | 6 | 13 | 1.55 | 8.39 | 1.58 (1.31–1.90) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.45–1.59)$ | < 0.001 |
| Slept under bed net previous night | ||||||||
| Yes | 203 | 448 | 83.55 | 5.36 | – | – | ||
| No | 49 | 102 | 18.93 | 5.39 | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 0.97 | ||
| Number of people sleeping in the child room (including child) | ||||||||
| ≤ 6 | 55 | 124 | 23.10 | 5.37 | – | |||
| 6 < no. ≤ 12 | 118 | 265 | 46.32 | 5.72 | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 0.33 | ||
| > 12 | 79 | 161 | 33.06 | 4.87 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.16 | ||
| Bed net integrity (at final survey in December) | ||||||||
| Good (pHI: 0–64) | 155 | 331 | 62.63 | 5.28 | – | |||
| Damaged (pHI: 65–642) | 36 | 81 | 15.71 | 5.16 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 0.76 | ||
| Too torn (pHI: 643 +) | 58 | 134 | 23.52 | 5.70 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.18 | ||
| Used other personal protective measures | ||||||||
| No | 184 | 407 | 74.64 | 5.45 | – | – | ||
| Yes | 58 | 125 | 24.53 | 5.10 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 0.36 | ||
| Housing: roof of child’s sleeping room | ||||||||
| Metal | 191 | 420 | 77.60 | 5.41 | – | |||
| Non metal | 52 | 114 | 21.85 | 5.22 | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.57 | ||
| Housing: floor of the child’s sleeping room | ||||||||
| Cement/tiles | 178 | 388 | 72.91 | 5.32 | – | – | ||
| Dirt | 65 | 146 | 26.54 | 5.50 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.48 | ||
| Housing: wall of the child’s sleeping room | ||||||||
| Mud | 65 | 151 | 26.54 | 5.69 | – | – | ||
| Brick | 146 | 309 | 59.15 | 5.22 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.12 | ||
| Cement | 32 | 74 | 13.77 | 5.37 | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 0.39 | ||
| Housing: eaves of the child’s sleeping room | ||||||||
| Open | 138 | 299 | 56.57 | 5.29 | – | |||
| Closed | 102 | 229 | 41.60 | 5.51 | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 0.57 | ||
| Cows, horses, sheep or goats within 5 m of child’s home | ||||||||
| Present | 169 | 371 | 67.80 | 5.47 | – | |||
| Absent | 80 | 174 | 33.51 | 5.19 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.46 | ||
| Euclidean distance to the nearest positive aquatic habitat | ||||||||
| < = 300 m | 127 | 266 | 51.76 | 5.14 | – | – | ||
| > 300 m | 125 | 284 | 50.72 | 5.60 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.06 | ||
| Distance by road to nearest health centre | ||||||||
| < = 2 km | 119 | 252 | 49.65 | 5.08 | – | – | ||
| > 2 km | 133 | 298 | 52.83 | 5.64 | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 0.06 | ||
| EIR (village-level) | ||||||||
| - | – | – | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.08 | |||
| % mortality in WHO tube test with 0.05% deltamethrin diagnostic dose | ||||||||
| - | – | – | – | – | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) | 0.79 | ||
IRR incidence rate ratio, *IRR adjusted for travel history, $IRR adjusted for SES factor score