Table 1.
Main characteristics and outcomes of the studies on plasma included.
| Study Title | Reference | Year | No of Animals | Specimens | Surface Treatment | Plasma Argon Treatment | Follow-Up | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argon-based atmospheric pressure plasma enhances early bone response to rough titanium surfaces | Coelho PG et al. [21] | 2012 | Six dogs (adult beagle) | Two Ti-6Al-4V implants each side. The different implant surfaces (Ti or Ti-Plasma) were alternately placed from proximal to distal at distances of 1 cm from each other along the central region of the bone. |
Alumina- blasted/acid-etched | Atmospheric pressure plasma (CaP-plasma) treatment with Ar gas for a period of 60 s per quadrant with a KinPenTM device |
1 and 3 weeks | BIC (%) BAFO (bone area fraction occupacy) |
No significant difference was found for BIC and BAFO between surfaces at 1 week. At 3 weeks in vivo, bone formation in close contact to the implant surface (BIC) was strongly observed in the Ti-plasma group, where an increase of over 300% was observed when compared to the control (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in BAFO (p > 0.14), although an improvement of 30% was observed for the Ti-plasma group |
| Assessment of a chair-side argon-based non-thermal plasma treatment on the surface characteristics and integration of dental implants with textured surfaces | Teixeira H et al. [22] | 2012 | Six dogs (adult beagle) |
Three root-form endosseous grade IV titanium alloy implants placed into each limb. Test: 20 sand 60 s plasma-treated implants; control: untreated implants. |
Alumina-blasted and acid-etched surface | Twenty or sixty seconds of non-thermal plasma per quadrant applied with a KinPenTM device |
2 and 4 weeks | Removal torque (Ncm) | Torque value at 2 weeks: control: 35; plasma: 20 s—43; plasma: 60 s—55. Torque value at 4 weeks: control: 43; plasma: 20 s—67; plasma 60 s—72. |
| Osseointegration assessment of chairside argon-based non thermal plasma-treated Ca-P coated dental implant | Giro G et al. [23] | 2013 | Six dogs (adult beagle) |
Two Ti-6Al-4V implants each side. Different implant surfaces were alternately placed from proximal to distal at distances of 1 cm from each other along the central region of the bone, and the start surface site (CaP or CaP-Plasma) was alternated between animals. The implant distribution resulted in an equal number of implants for 1 and 3 weeks. |
Calcium-phosphate (CaP) | Ar gas at atmospheric pressure for a period of 20 s per quadrant with a KinPenTM device | 1 and 3 weeks | BIC (%) BAFO (bone area graction occupacy) |
No significant difference was found for BIC and BAFO between surfaces at 1 week. At 3 weeks, BIC and BAFO were strongly observed in the CaP-plasma group. The morphologic findings for both 1 and 3 weeks were supported by the morphometric results at the 3-week period, as CaP-plasma BIC increased by more than 100% and an improvement of 82% was found for BAFO when compared to the CaP group. |
| Hard and soft tissue changes around implants activated using plasma of argon: a histomorphometric study in dog | Canullo L et al. [24] | 2018 | Eight dogs (adult beagle) |
For each hemi-mandible, four implants with a ZirTi surface were used; two implants were treated with argon plasma (test), while the other two implants were left untreated (control). |
ZirTi surface | Treated for 12 min at room temperature with plasma of argon in a plasma reactor (Diener electronic) |
1 and 2 months | BIC (%) old bone total amount of mineralized bone |
One month of healing: new bone in close contact with the implant surface: treated (60.1% ± 15.6%; 95% CI 56.5%–78.0%); untreated (57.2% ± 13.1%; 95% CI 49.3%–67.5%) (p = 0.400). Old bone: treated (4.4% ± 3.0%; 95% CI. 2%–5.4%); untreated (3.4% ± 3.1%; 95% CI. 6%–4.9%) (p = 726). Total amount of mineralized bone: treated (95% CI 59.5%–82.3%); untreated (95% CI 53.3%–73.5%) (p = 0.208). Two months of healing of new bone: treated sites: 72.5% ± 12.4% (95% CI 69.6%–86.8%); untreated: 64.7% ± 17.3% (95% CI 59.4%–83.3% (p = 0.012). Old bone: treated sites: 3.1% ± 1.7% (95% CI 1.8%–4.2%); untreated sites: 3.8% ± 1.9% (95% CI 3.2%–5.8%) (p = 0.270). Total amount of mineralized bone: treated: 75.6% ± 13.0% (95% CI 73.3%–91.3%); untreated 68.4% ± 16.8% (95% CI 64.2%–87.6%). |
| Effects of non thermal plasma on sandblasted titanium dental implants in beagle dogs | Hung YW et al. [25] | 2018 | Nine dogs (adult beagle) |
Four implants in each dog; control group: one implant withot non-thermal plasma was inserted into each jaw; test group: one implant treated with non-thermal plasma was inserted into each jaw. |
Sandblasting and etching | Non-thermal plasma apparatus (Line through ISO 9001) generates plasma in a dielectric barrier. Each implant receive 60s of plasma spray | 4,8 and 12 weeks | ISQ Value | ISQ values: Control group: Initial: 68.04 ± 3.37 4 weeks: 66.53 ± 7.40 8 weeks: 69.20 ± 2.55 12 weeks: 74.20 ± 2.68 Plasma group: Initial: 67.36 ± 0.52 4 weeks: 70.17 ± 0.76 8 weeks: 71.50 ± 1.41 12 weeks: 77.00 ± 5.87 |