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. 2020 Oct 16;9:39. doi: 10.1186/s40035-020-00218-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Precision medicine in current and future drug trials. a Current precision medicine-based therapies rely on adjusting the hyperactive LRRK2 and hypoactive GBA in PD patients with risk variants of LRRK2 and GBA. b Several poorly understood factors including the putative disease-triggers, genes/environment, the immune system and functional differences among risk variants, may be necessary for developing more efficient and personalized therapies. c It is also possible that idiopathic PD patients with the same imbalances in LRRK2 and GBA as in LRRK2-PD and GBA-PD may benefit from a combinational treatment of both LRRK2 and GBA modulation