Table 1.

Characteristics of dose-finding studies in specific settings.

Author	Year	Dose (ED = Effective Dose)		No. of Patients		Age	Procedure/Study	Onset Time (Median Time)		Sedation’s Success		Adverse Events
Li et al. [31]	2020	2.64 µg/kg (2.49–2.87 µg/kg ED 95%)		68		1–3 years	Pulmonary function testing	15.0 (12.3–19.0) min		91%		None
Tug et al. [86]	2015	3 µg/kg	4 µg/kg	30	30	1–10 years	MRI I	31 ± 13 min	30 ± 9 min	30%	70%	None
Liu et al. [87]	2016	2 µg/kg	4 µg/kg	121		6 months –5 years	Preoperative sedation	15 min	25 min	85.5%	77.6%	One child in the 2 µg/kg group had a reduction in systolic blood pressure to 29%.
Yang et al. [88]	2019	3.3 (2.48–3.53 ED50) µg/kg and 3.7 (3.44–3.73 ED 95) µg/kg in the cyanotic group and 1.7 (1.00–2.03 ED50) µg/kg and 2.2 (1.96–2.23 ED95) µg/kg in the acyanotic group.		50 patients with congenital heart disease (23 in the cyanotic group and 27 in the acyanotic group)		≤18 months	Transthoracic echocardiography in children with congenital heart disease	13.9 min in the cyanotic group and 17.5 min in the acyanotic group		50%		None
Miller et al. [89]	2016	2.5–3 µg/kg		63		17.5 mean age	Transthoracic echocardiography	28 min		90%		Five patients with mild to moderate hypotension without need for intervention.
Tenney et al. [90]	2019	2 µg/kg		26		5.5–20.5 years	Magnetoencephalography in patients with medically intractable epilepsy	25.5 min		100%		None

^I, Magnetic resonance imaging = MRI.