Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies evaluating intranasal dexmedetomidine versus current available sedative agents.
| Author | Year | Intervention | Dose | No. of Patients | Age | Procedure/ Intervention |
Sedation’s Success | Adverse Events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behrle et al. [91] | 2017 | IN Dex II vs. intravenous sedative medications |
3 µg/kg Dex vs. Midazolam, Propofol, Pentobarbital, Ketamine |
109 vs. 690 | 6 months–18 years | Non-invasive procedures | 92% (with 39% receiving in Midazolam for sedation ≥ 45 min) |
Not significant |
| Li et al. [92] | 2020 | IN Dex II vs. Oral Chloral Hydrate |
1–3 µg/kg Dex |
720 | ≤4 years | Ophthalmic examination, transthoracic echocardiograph, auditory brainstem response testing, CT III and MRI IV imaging | Higher success rate in the first group (RR 1.12) | Lower incidence of nausea and vomiting in the IN Dex II group |
| 25 to 80 mg/kg Chloral Idrate | ||||||||
| Zhang et al. [93] | 2015 | Two rescue doses of IN Dex II vs. second oral dose of Chloral Hydrate after 50 mg of oral Chloral Hydrate |
1 and 2 µg/kg Dex |
150 | 1–6 months | MRI IV | 94% and 98% in the IN Dex groups | None |
| 25 mg/kg Chloral Idrate | ||||||||
| Ghai et al. [94] | 2017 | IN Dex II vs. Oral Midazolam |
2.5 µg/kg Dex |
59 | 6 years | IV cannulation CT III scan |
67% vs. 24% achieved a Ramsey Sedation Score higher than 4 | None |
| 0.5 mg/kg Midazolam | ||||||||
| Mukherjee et al. [95] | 2015 | IN Dex II vs. IN I Clonidine before Sevoflurane anesthesia |
1 µg/kg Dex |
80 | 3–7 years | Preoperative sedation | Emergence agitation was lower in the first group | Nausea and vomiting (no statistical differences between the 2 cohorts) |
| 4 µg/kg Clonidine |
I, Intranasal = IN, II, Intranasal dexmedetomidine = IN DEX, III, Computed tomography = CT, IV, Magnetic resonance imaging = MRI.