Table 1.
Baseline table of characteristics of the studied cohort. Regional AIS score >2. ASA, American Society of Anestehsiologists; NI, not intubated; PI, prehospital intubation; IHI, in-hospital intubation; ISS, injury severity score; RTA, road traffic accident; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; mGCS, Glasgow Coma Scale, motor component; ED, emergency department; IQR, inter-quartile range; EDH, epidural haematoma; TSAH, traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage; MLS, midline shift.
| PHI (n=890) | NI – PHI subset (n=2846) | Missing (%) | P-value | IHI (n=460) | NI – IHI subset (n=2470) | Missing (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median [IQR]) | 44 [25, 60] | 52 [33, 68] | 0 | <0.001 | 52 [31, 67] | 53 [33, 68] | 0 | 0.131 |
| Male (%) | 657 (73.8) | 1895 (66.6) | 0 | <0.001 | 334 (72.6) | 1608 (65.1) | 0 | 0.002 |
| Pre-injury ASA physical status | 2.6 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 545 (64.8) | 1540 (55.1) | 215 (48.8) | 1368 (56.1) | ||||
| 2 | 227 (27.0) | 942 (33.7) | 167 (37.9) | 803 (32.9) | ||||
| 3 | 68 (8.1) | 291 (10.4) | 49 (11.1) | 251 (10.3) | ||||
| 4 | 1 (0.1) | 24 (0.9) | 10 (2.3) | 16 (0.7) | ||||
| Smoked any time before injury | 273 (44.6) | 979 (41.7) | 20.7 | 0.204 | 157 (50.0) | 851 (40.3) | 17.2 | 0.001 |
| Drank alcohol any time before injury | 189 (31.3) | 809 (34.8) | 21.7 | 0.119 | 112 (36.5) | 720 (34.4) | 18.1 | 0.518 |
| Major∗ head injury (%) | 851 (95.6) | 1960 (68.9) | 0 | <0.001 | 441 (95.9) | 1569 (63.5) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Major∗ chest/spine injury (%) | 408 (45.8) | 436 (15.3) | 0 | <0.001 | 135 (29.3) | 303 (12.3) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Major∗ face injury (%) | 261 (29.3) | 341 (12.0) | 0 | <0.001 | 106 (23.0) | 237 (9.6) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Major∗ abdominal injury (%) | 139 (15.6) | 148 (5.2) | 0 | <0.001 | 40 (8.7) | 108 (4.4) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Major∗ external injury (%) | 40 (4.5) | 45 (1.6) | 0 | <0.001 | 12 (2.6) | 33 (1.3) | 0 | 0.067 |
| Major∗ extremity injury (%) | 235 (26.4) | 356 (12.5) | 0 | <0.001 | 80 (17.4) | 277 (11.2) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Cause (%) | 2 | <0.001 | 2 | 0.105 | ||||
| RTA | 482 (55.5) | 1059 (38.1) | 173 (39.8) | 903 (37.2) | ||||
| Fall | 284 (32.7) | 1306 (47.0) | 184 (42.3) | 1165 (48.0) | ||||
| Other | 59 (6.8) | 230 (8.3) | 41 (9.4) | 203 (8.4) | ||||
| Violence/suicide | 44 (5.1) | 186 (6.7) | 37 (8.5) | 155 (6.4) | ||||
| GCS score baseline (median [IQR]) | 4 [3, 8] | 15 [13, 15] | 2 | <0.001 | 8 [5, 13] | 15 [14, 15] | 2 | <0.001 |
| GCS score prehospital (median [IQR]) | 6 [3, 9] | 14 [13, 15] | 36 | <0.001 | 10 [6, 14] | 15 [14, 15] | 40 | <0.001 |
| GCS score at ED arrival (median [IQR]) | 3 [3, 3] | 15 [14, 15] | 17 | <0.001 | 8 [5, 12] | 15 [14, 15] | 12 | <0.001 |
| mGCS score baseline (median [IQR]) | 1 [1, 4] | 6 [6, 6] | 1 | <0.001 | 5 [1, 6] | 6 [6, 6] | 1 | <0.001 |
| mGCS score prehospital (median [IQR]) | 3 [1, 5] | 6 [6, 6] | 36 | <0.001 | 5 [3, 6] | 6 [6, 6] | 40 | <0.001 |
| mGCS score at ED arrival (median [IQR]) | 1 [1, 1] | 6 [6, 6] | 16 | <0.001 | 5 [1, 6] | 6 [6, 6] | 12 | <0.001 |
| Unreactive pupils, baseline (%) | 4 | <0.001 | 5 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 592 (69.6) | 2578 (94.7) | 355 (81.1) | 2293 (97.2) | ||||
| 1 | 71 (8.4) | 71 (2.6) | 33 (7.5) | 40 (1.7) | ||||
| 2 | 187 (22.0) | 74 (2.7) | 50 (11.4) | 26 (1.1) | ||||
| Heart rate at ED arrival, mean (sd) | 89 (24) | 83 (18) | 8 | <0.001 | 84 (21) | 82 (17) | 8 | 0.184 |
| SBP at ED arrival, mean (sd) | 129 (31) | 141 (26) | 7 | <0.001 | 140 (32) | 141 (25) | 7 | 0.834 |
| Spo2 at ED arrival, median [IQR] | 100 [98, 100] | 98 [96, 100] | 12 | <0.001 | 98 [96, 100] | 98 [97, 100] | 12 | 0.820 |
| Hypoxia at ED (%) | 175 (20.6) | 105 (3.9) | 4 | <0.001 | 62 (14.9) | 45 (1.9) | 4 | <0.001 |
| Hypotension at ED (%) | 189 (22.2) | 94 (3.4) | 3 | <0.001 | 44 (10.4) | 51 (2.1) | 3 | <0.001 |
| EDH (%) | 133 (16.1) | 253 (9.6) | 7 | <0.001 | 78 (20.0) | 182 (7.8) | 6 | <0.001 |
| TSAH (%) | 606 (73.2) | 1039 (39.3) | 7 | <0.001 | 276 (70.8) | 779 (33.5) | 6 | <0.001 |
| Marshall CT class (%) | 10 | <0.001 | 9 | <0.001 | ||||
| No visible pathology on CT | 77 (9.7) | 1143 (44.6) | 35 (9.4) | 1151 (50.9) | ||||
| Cisterns present, MLS <5 mm | 390 (48.9) | 968 (37.8) | 135 (36.1) | 850 (37.6) | ||||
| Cisterns compressed or absent | 110 (13.8) | 74 (2.9) | 31 (8.3) | 43 (1.9) | ||||
| Mass lesion | 220 (27.6) | 376 (14.7) | 173 (46.3) | 217 (9.6) | ||||
| Arrival time (min) | 20 [11, 30] | 15 [10, 27] | 44 | <0.001 | 14 [8, 24] | 15 [10, 27] | 44 | 0.020 |
| On-scene time (min) | 35 [25, 51] | 20 [14, 30] | 48 | <0.001 | 23 [15, 32] | 20 [14, 30] | 49 | 0.009 |
| Travel time (min) | 20 [12, 35] | 16 [10, 25] | 48 | <0.001 | 13 [9, 22] | 16 [10, 25] | 49 | 0.002 |