Table 2.
Up-regulated (in bold) and down-regulated (normal letters) miRNAs in CSCC.
| miRNAs (Function) | Gene Targets | Mechanisms | Drug Sensitivity (S)/Drug Resistance(R) in Other Cancer Models |
|---|---|---|---|
|
miRNA-221 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of PTEN | Regulation of cancer progression by inhibiting the tumor suppressor PTEN [49]. | (R) Doxorubicin [52] |
|
miRNA-142-5p (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of PTEN | Induction of the cancer stem cell-like properties of CSCC through inhibition of PTEN [53]. | No data available |
|
miRNA-365 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of NFIB and BAX | Increase of the tumor development and inhibition of the apoptosis by down-regulating NFIB and BAX expression, respectively [54,55]. | No data available |
|
miRNA-186 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of APAF1 and RETREG1 | Promotion of cell proliferation and inhibition of cell apoptosis by negatively regulating APAF1 and RETREG1 expression [56,57]. | No data available |
|
miRNA-31 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of RhoBTB1 | Increase of cell proliferation by reducing the expression of the tumor suppression RhoBTB1 [58]. | (R) 5-FU [59] |
|
miRNA-135b (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of LZTS1 | Induction of tumor growth, cell motility and invasiveness by down-regulating the expression of the tumor suppressor LZTS1 [60]. | No data available |
|
miRNA-205 (Oncogene) |
Not mentioned | Unknown mechanism, even if its up-regulation correlates with local recurrences and bad prognosis [61]. | (S) Doxorubicin [62] |
|
miRNA-506 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of LAMC1 and NF-kB (65) | Down-regulation of LAMC1 and NF-kB (65) expression by promoting the progression, invasiveness and inhibition of apoptosis [63]. | (S) Cisplatin [64] |
|
miRNA-664 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of IRF2 | Inhibition of IRF2 expression inducing cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro, and an increased tumor growth in the xenograft mouse model [65]. | (S) Cisplatin [66,67] |
|
miRNA-21 (Oncogene) |
3′UTR of GRHL3 | Reduction of PTEN expression and the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling [68]. | (R) Cisplatin [69] (R) 5-FU [70] (R) Doxorubicin [71] |
| miRNA-34a (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of HMGB1 | Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting the nuclear DNA-binding protein HMGB1 [72]. | (S) Cisplatin [73] (S) Doxorubicin [74] |
| miRNA-181a (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of KRAS | Cancer development through KRAS signaling [75]. | (R) Doxorubicin [76] |
| miRNA-148a (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of MAP3K4 and MAP3K9 | Suppression of the MEK pathway by negatively regulation of MAP3K4 and MAP3K9 expression [77]. | No data available |
| miRNA-20a (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of LIMK1 | Suppression of proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells by inhibiting LIMK1 expression. The low miRNA-20a expression correlates with poor prognosis [78,79]. | (S) Cisplatin [80] (S) Doxorubicin [80] |
| miRNA-204 (Tumor suppressor) |
3’ UTR of PTPN11 | Regulation of the cancer-involved STAT3 pathway targeting of PTPN11 [51]. | No data available |
| miRNA-203 (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of c-MYC | Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis by suppressing c-MYC expression [81]. | (R) Cisplatin [82] (S) 5-FU [83] |
| miRNA-199a (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of CD44 | Reduction of the CSCC cell proliferation and migration by regulating the expression of CD44 and its interaction with Ezrin [84]. | No data available |
| miRNA-124 (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of ERK1 | Control of tumor growth by regulating the expression of ERK1 [85]. | (S) Cisplatin [86] |
| miRNA-214 (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of ERK1 and ERK2 | Regulation of the cell proliferation by modulating ERK2 expression [85]. | (S) Cisplatin [87] |
| miRNA-497 (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR SERPINE1 | Inhibition of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSCC cell invasion and metastasis by targeting the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), also known as SERPINE1 [88]. | 5-FU [89] |
| miRNA-193b-3p miRNA-365a-3p (Tumor suppressor) |
3′ UTR of KRAS and MAX | Anti-proliferative and anti-migratory properties by interacting with oncogene KRAS and MYC-associated factor X (MAX) [90]. | No data available |
| miRNA-361-5p (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of VEGFA | Inhibition of tumor growth by modulating the expression of the tumor angiogenesis factor VEGFA [91]. | No data available |
| miRNA-216b (Tumor suppressor) |
3′ UTR of TPX2 | Reduction of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis by regulating TPX2 expression [92]. | (R) Cisplatin [93,94] (R) Cetuximab [95] |
| miRNA-125b (Tumor suppressor) |
3′UTR of MMP13 and STAT3 | Inhibition of the tumor growth and progression by modulating the STAT3 pathway and negative regulation of the downstream targets Cyclin D1 and Bcl2, involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis processes, respectively [96,97]. | (R) Cisplatin [98,99,100,101,102,103] (R) 5-FU [104] (R) Doxorubicin [105,106] (R) Pembrolizumab [107] |
| miRNA-3619-5p (Tumor suppressor) |
3′ UTR of KPNA4 | Suppression of the KPNA4 expression cell proliferation and increasing the sensibility in CSCC cisplatin-resistant cells [17]. | (S) Cisplatin [17] |