Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics of Study Participants | All | <65 Years | ≥65 Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 198,828) | (n = 170,731) | (n = 28,097) | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
| Sex, males, No. (%) | 80167 (40.3) | 66382 (38.9) | 13785 (49.1) |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 48.0 ± 14.7 | 44.2 ± 12.1 | 70.8 ± 5.5 |
| Education, No. (%) | |||
| Elementary school or less | 1300 (0.7) | 341 (0.2) | 959 (3.0) |
| Middle or High school | 79360 (39.9) | 66412 (38.9) | 12948 (46.1) |
| University degree or post-graduate | 118168 (59.4) | 103978 (60.9) | 14190 (50.4) |
| Italian area of residence *, No. (%) | |||
| Area 1 | 117176 (59.1) | 99905 (58.7) | 17271 (61.6) |
| Area 2 | 25769 (13.0) | 22459 (13.2) | 3310 (11.8) |
| Area 3 | 43107 (21.7) | 37271 (21.9) | 5836 (20.8) |
| Area 4 | 12350 (6.2) | 10705 (6.3) | 1645 (5.9) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | |||
| Never | 114049 (57.4) | 100499 (58.9) | 13550 (48.2) |
| Former smoker | 47779 (24.0) | 36979 (21.7) | 10800 (38.4) |
| Current | 37000 (18.6) | 33253 (19.5) | 3747 (13.3) |
| Self-reported diseases ** | |||
| Lung diseases, No. (%) | 11456 (5.8) | 9377 (5.5) | 2079 (7.4) |
| CVD, No. (%) | 15284 (7.7) | 7702 (4.5) | 7582 (27.0) |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 33320 (16.8) | 19509 (11.4) | 13811 (49.2) |
| Oncological diseases, No. (%) | 6719 (3.4) | 4189 (2.5) | 2530 (9.0) |
| Depression and/or anxiety, No. (%) | 20563 (10.3) | 16401 (9.6) | 4162 (14.8) |
| Liver diseases, No. (%) | 1487 (0.8) | 1011 (0.6) | 476 (1.7) |
| Renal diseases, No. (%) | 1689 (0.9) | 1133 (0.7) | 556 (2.0) |
| Diabetes treated with medications, No. (%) | 4594 (2.3) | 2494 (1.5) | 2100 (7.5) |
| Metabolic diseases, No. (%) | 20261 (10.2) | 11379 (6.7) | 8882 (31.6) |
| Thyroid diseases, No. (%) | 14717 (7.4) | 11596 (6.8) | 3121 (11.1) |
| Diseases of the immune system, No. (%) | 17514 (8.8) | 14428 (8.5) | 3086 (11.0) |
| Dependency in daily activities, No. (%) | 927 (0.5) | 393 (0.2) | 534 (1.9) |
| Self-rated health, No. (%) | |||
| Very bad or Bad | 1811 (0.9) | 1249 (0.7) | 562 (2.0) |
| Adequate | 29745 (15.0) | 21768 (12.8) | 7977 (28.4) |
| Good or Very good | 167272 (84.1) | 147714 (86.5) | 19558 (69.6) |
| Influenza vaccination during last autumn, No. (%) | 41820 (21.0) | 26809 (15.7) | 15011 (53.4) |
| Anti-pneumococcal vaccination in the last 12 months, No. (%) | 7178 (3.6) | 3717 (2.2) | 3461 (12.3) |
| Contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases, No. (%) | 16025 (8.1) | 14744 (8.6) | 1281 (4.6) |
*Area 1: Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, Liguria, Marche, Aosta Valley. Area 2: Tuscany, Trentino Alto Adige, Abruzzo, Apulia. Area 3: Veneto, Lazio, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Molise, and Campania. Area 4: Sicily, Sardinia, Umbria, Calabria, Basilicata. **: defined considering both self-reported diseases and medications used; SD: Standard Deviation.