Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants with an available SARS-CoV-2 NPS test result.
| Characteristics of Study Participants | <65 Years | ≥65 Years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 NPS Test | p-Value | SARS-CoV-2 NPS Test | p-Value | |||
| Negative Result | Positive Result | Negative Result | Positive Result | |||
| (n = 4705) | (n = 1356) | (n = 299) | (n = 320) | |||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Sex, males, No. (%) | 1450 (30.8) | 530 (39.1) | <0.0001 | 175 (58.5) | 137 (42.8) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 44.8 ± 11.4 | 46.5 ± 11.5 | <0.0001 | 71.4 ± 7.7 | 76.9 ± 9.7 | <0.0001 |
| Italian area of residence *, No. (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Area 1 | 2248 (47.9) | 942 (69.6) | 172 (57.7) | 262 (82.1) | ||
| Area 2 | 641 (13.7) | 135 (10.0) | 45 (15.1) | 18 (5.6) | ||
| Area 3 | 1524 (32.5) | 247 (18.3) | 69 (23.2) | 31 (9.7) | ||
| Area 4 | 279 (6.0) | 29 (2.1) | 12 (4.0) | 8 (2.5) | ||
| Education, No. (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 55 (1.2) | 12 (0.9) | 17 (5.7) | 91 (28.4) | ||
| Middle or High school | 1129 (24.0) | 450 (33.2) | 84 (28.1) | 120 (37.5) | ||
| University degree or post-graduate | 3521 (74.8) | 894 (65.9) | 198 (66.2) | 109 (34.1) | ||
| Smoking status, No. (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Never | 2945 (62.6) | 896 (66.1) | 154 (51.5) | 218 (68.1) | ||
| Former smoker | 917 (19.5) | 321 (23.7) | 107 (35.8) | 83 (25.9) | ||
| Current | 843 (17.9) | 139 (10.3) | 38 (12.7) | 19 (5.9) | ||
| Self-reported diseases ** and health status | ||||||
| Lung diseases, No. (%) | 341 (7.3) | 104 (7.7) | 0.5996 | 38 (12.7) | 48 (15.0) | 0.4102 |
| CVD, No. (%) | 208 (4.4) | 75 (5.5) | 0.0878 | 103 (34.5) | 146 (45.6) | 0.0046 |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 631 (13.4) | 205 (15.1) | 0.1083 | 151 (50.5) | 181 (56.6) | 0.1308 |
| Oncological diseases, No. (%) | 123 (2.6) | 32 (2.4) | 0.6011 | 40 (13.4) | 32 (10.0) | 0.1902 |
| Depression and/or anxiety, No. (%) | 461 (9.8) | 113 (8.3) | 0.1046 | 67 (22.4) | 121 (37.8) | <0.0001 |
| Liver diseases, No. (%) | 39 (0.8) | 6 (0.4) | 0.1442 | 4 (1.3) | 10 (3.1) | 0.1782 |
| Renal diseases, No. (%) | 33 (0.7) | 10 (0.7) | 0.8891 | 15 (5.0) | 18 (5.6) | 0.7364 |
| Diabetes treated with medications, No. (%) | 77 (1.6) | 30 (2.2) | 0.1560 | 24 (8.0) | 32 (10.0) | 0.3924 |
| Metabolic diseases, No. (%) | 324 (6.9) | 121 (8.9) | 0.0113 | 98 (32.8) | 89 (27.8) | 0.1790 |
| Thyroid diseases, No. (%) | 392 (8.3) | 90 (6.6) | 0.0422 | 27 (9.0) | 39 (12.2) | 0.2034 |
| Diseases of the immune system, No. (%) | 479 (10.2) | 111 (8.2) | 0.0290 | 25 (8.4) | 39 (12.2) | 0.1182 |
| Dependency in daily activities, No. (%) | 73 (1.6) | 16 (1.2) | 0.3162 | 41 (13.7) | 90 (28.1) | <0.0001 |
| Self-rated health, No. (%) | 0.2937 | 0.0025 | ||||
| Very bad or bad | 54 (1.2) | 22 (1.6) | 19 (6.4) | 22 (6.9) | ||
| Adequate | 725 (15.4) | 219 (16.2) | 102 (34.1) | 151 (47.2) | ||
| Good or very good | 3926 (83.4) | 1115 (82.2) | 178 (59.5) | 147 (45.9) | ||
| Influenza vaccination during last autumn, No. (%) | 1502 (31.9) | 382 (28.2) | 0.0085 | 182 (60.9) | 180 (56.3) | 0.2438 |
| Anti-pneumococcal vaccination in the last 12 months, No. (%) | 191 (4.1) | 35 (2.6) | 0.0114 | 63 (21.1) | 32 (10.0) | 0.0001 |
| Contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases, No. (%) | 2837 (60.3) | 957 (70.6) | <0.0001 | 113 (37.8) | 215 (67.2) | <0.0001 |
* Area 1: Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, Liguria, Marche, Aosta Valley. Area 2: Tuscany, Trentino Alto Adige, Abruzzo, Apulia. Area 3: Veneto, Lazio, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Molise, and Campania. Area 4: Sicily, Sardinia, Umbria, Calabria, Basilicata. **: defined considering both self-reported diseases and medications used. SD: Standard Deviation.