Table 3.
Characteristics of study participants associated with SARS-CoV-2 swab positive results (vs. negative results).
| All | <65 Years | ≥65 Years | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| (a) Not adjusted model | |||||||||
| Flu shot during last autumn | 1.02 | 0.91–1.15 | 0.7387 | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 | 0.0301 | 0.83 | 0.60–1.14 | 0.2440 |
| Anti-pneumococcal vaccination | 0.77 | 0.58–1.02 | 0.0635 | 0.67 | 0.46–0.97 | 0.0342 | 0.42 | 0.26–0.66 | 0.0002 |
| (b) Adjusted model * | |||||||||
| Flu shot during last autumn | 0.89 | 0.78–1.01 | 0.1408 | 0.85 | 0.74–0.98 | 0.0235 | 0.87 | 0.59–1.28 | 0.4826 |
| Anti-pneumococcal vaccination | 0.56 | 0.41–0.75 | 0.0001 | 0.61 | 0.41–0.91 | 0.0156 | 0.56 | 0.33–0.95 | 0.0313 |
* adjusted for sex (males vs. females), age (years, continuous for “all model”; dichotomized into <67 vs. ≥67 for “≥65 years model”; dichotomized into ≥54 vs. <54 for “<65 years model”), education (high school diploma, university degree or post-graduate degree vs. middle school, primary school or less), Italian area of residence (area 1 vs. (3,4); area 2 vs. (3,4)), dichotomized self-reported diseases (CVD, hypertension, lung diseases, diabetes treated with medications, metabolic diseases), smoking status (current smoker vs. never smoker or former smoker) and contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases (yes vs. no).