Table 1.

List of different classes of polyphenols, primary sources, their content based on weight and serving and their respective molecular functions.

Polyphenols	Polyphenol Source	Polyphenol Content Based on Weight or Volume (mg/kg wt or mg/L)	Molecular Functions	References
Phenolic acids/Hydroxybenzoic acids
Gallic acid	Berries, pineapples, bananas, lemons and wines	40–130	Anti-oxidative, pro-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-melanogenic, anti-invasive and anti-proliferative	[47,48,49,50,51]
Ellagic acid	Berries, pomegranate, walnuts and pecans		Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antimetastatic, anti-proliferative and anti-invasive	[47,52,53]
Phenolic acids/Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic acid	Kiwifruit	600–1000	Anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage, interleukin-10 and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)	[54,55,56]
Rosmarinic acid	Herbs		Anti-oxidative, reduction of HCA formation and modulation of epigenetic changes	[47,53,57]
Ferulic acid	Aubergine	600–660	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiallgergic, hepatoprotective and antiviral	[58]
Chlorogenic acid	Cherry	180–1150	Anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic and antipyretic	[59,60]
Flavonoids
Myricetin	Broccoli	40–100	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic properties, analgesic property, hepatoprotective and hypouricemic activities, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties	[61,62,63,64,65]
EGCG	Tea, apples, grapes, berries, red wine and chocolate		Anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, suppression of growth and invasion, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of telomerase activity and lipid peroxidation and modulation of estrogen activity	[66,67,68,69,70,71]
Apigenin	Grapefruit, parsley, onion, orange, tea and wheat	20–140	Anti-oxidative, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, inhibition of tumor growth, anti-invasive, and anti-proliferative	[48,72,73,74]
Quercetin	Onions, broccoli, apples, apricots, berries, nuts, seeds, tea, wine and cocoa		Anti-oxidative, tumor inhibition, anti-proliferative, antimetastatic, anti-angiogenic and inhibition of lipid peroxidation	[67,70,71,72,75,76,77]
Genistein	Miso	250–900	Anti-oxidative, anti-invasive, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, delay/repression of tumor development/growth and anti-proliferative	[67,70,71,72]
Stilbenes
RES	Red wine, grapes, berries and peanuts		Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-estrogenic	[75,77,78,79,80,81,82]
PTER			Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and modulation of lipid metabolism	[75,77,78,80,81,82]

EGCG—Epigallocatechin gallate, RES—Resveratrol, PTER—Pterostilbene.