Table 5.
Polyphenols and their specific aging-related activities across different organisms..
| Polyphenols | Epigenetic and Aging-Related Activity | Aging Pattern | Target Genes/Proteins | Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apigenin | Antioxidant activity Behavioral impairment ↓ Organic index Histopathological changes |
Cellular senescence Organismal |
Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1, MMP-1, ↑ p53, ↑ p21,↓ Cyclins D1 and ↓ Cyclins E |
Mus musculus
Homo sapiens |
[122,123,124] |
| Repair of skin dryness ↑ Moisture content ↑ Dermal density ↑ Skin elasticity | |||||
| anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins imbalance ↑ Mitochondrial superoxide levels | |||||
| CUR | ↑ OS DNA repair mechanisms Hormesis |
Cellular senescence Organismal |
SOD1, SOD2 and RAD52, TERT, rADSCs and SA-β-gal | Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rattus rattus | [125,147,148] |
| Muscle mass function ↑ Anti-oxidative properties | |||||
| ↑ Anti-oxidative properties | |||||
| EGCG | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Cellular proliferation ↓ DNMT activity ↓ HDAC activity Telomerase inhibition |
Organismal | GAS1, TIMP4, ICAM1, WISP2 and hTERT | Homo sapiens | [130,131,132] |
| GES | ↑ DNA repair ↓ UV-radiation exposure ↓Tyrosine kinase activity |
Cellular senescence Organismal |
COX-2, hTERT, p66Shc, ↑ p16, ↓ p21, SIRT1, LKB1, AMPK, ↓ p62, ↓ p-m-TOR and p-P70S6K |
Homo sapiens
Mus musculus |
[135,136,137,138] |
| ↓ Hypermethylation ↓ DNMT1 activity ↓ DNMT3a activity | |||||
| ↑Autophagic flux | |||||
| PTER | ↓ OS ↓ Mitochondrial morphological disorder |
Organismal | ↑ AMPK, ↑ SIRT1 and PGC-1α, ↑ REST, ↑ PSD-95 and ↑ mitochondrial porin-1 |
Homo sapiens
Mus musculus |
[140,149] |
| ↑ Declarative memory ↑ Working memory | |||||
| RES | ↑ Myocardial performance index ↑ HDAC activity |
Organismal | ↓ IGF-I, ↑ AMPK and ↑ PGC-1α | Mus musculus | [142,143,150] |
| ↓ Inflammatory cytokines ↓ Cognitive defects Reversal of aging-associated learning and cognitive impairment | |||||
| ↓ Inflammatory cytokines ↓ Cognitive defects Reversal of aging-associated learning and cognitive impairment | |||||
| Quercetin | ↑ Apoptosis ↑ OS ↓ H3K9me3 activity Delaying down-regulation of SIRT activity |
Organismal | ↓ MPF activity and ↑ PaMTH1 |
Mus musculus
Podospora anserina |
[145,146] |
↓—decreased, ↑—increased, CUR—Curcumin, EGCG—Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, GES—Genistein, PTER—Pterostilbene and RES—Resveratrol.