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Anemia in CKD. Accumulation of uremic toxins induces a decrease of EPO production in the kidney. The decreased EPO synthesis compromises erythropoeisis in the bone marrow. This in turn results in a decrease of RBCs production leading to CKD-associated anemia. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; EPO, erythropoietin; RBCs, Red Blood Cells; IS, indoxyl sulfate; PCS, P-cresyl sulfate.
