Table 2.
Candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently in clinical trials.
| Vaccine platform | Construct details | Route | Doses | Developer/Manufacturer | Clinical trial registration and stage | Age Gp (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated whole virus | Formaldehyde inactivated with alum (PiCoVacc) Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with alum Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with alum (BBIP-CorV) Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Whole virion inactivated (BBV152) |
i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. |
2 2 2 2 2 |
Sinovac Biotech Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm Inst of Medical Biol/Chinese Acad Med Sci Bharat Biotech International Ltd |
Phase 1/2 NCT04383574 Phase 1/2 NCT04352608 Phase 3 NCT04456595 Phase 1/2 ChiCTR2000031809 (89) Phase 3 ChiCTR2000034780 Phase 1/2 ChiCTR2000032459 Phase 3 ChiCTR2000034780 Phase 1 NCT04412538 Phase 1/2 NCT04470609 Phase 1/2 NCT04471519 |
≥60 18–59 ≥18 ≥6 ≥18 ≥6 ≥18 18–59 ≥60 12–65 |
| Protein/peptide subunit | Adjuvanted recombinant RBD dimer S protein Full length S trimer (NVX-CoV2373) plus Matrix MTM adjuvant RBD protein-based S protein Trimer-Tag© platform + ASO2 adjuvant (SCB-2019) Recombinant spike protein with AdvaxTM adjuvant Molecular clamp stabilized S protein with MF59 adjuvant S-2P protein + CpG 1018 RBD protein subunit vaccine with adjuvant |
i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. |
2 or 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 |
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Inst of Microbiol, Chinese Acad Sci Novavax Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc. Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox Univ of Queensland/CSL/Seqiris Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba |
Phase 1 NCT0445194 Phase 2 NCT04466085 Phase 1/2 NCT04368988 (90) Phase 1/2 NCT04473690 Phase 1 NCT04405908 Phase 1 NCT04453852 Phase 1 ACTRN12620000674932p Phase 1 NCT04487210 Phase 1/2 IFV/COR/04 |
18–59 18–59 18–59 18–70 18–75 18–65 18–55 20–50 19–80 |
| Non-replicating viral vectors | Chimp adenovirus (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) S protein (now called AZD1222) Adenovirus type 5 S protein (Ad5-nCoV) Adenovirus 26 (Ad26.COV2.S) Adenovirus 5 and 26 S protein (Gam-COVID-Vac) Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S |
i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. |
1 1 2 1 1 |
University of Oxford/Astra Zeneca CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Janssen Pharmaceutical Gamaleya Research Inst. ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells |
Phase 1/2 NCT04324606 (91) Phase 2 EUCTR 2020-001228-32 Phase 3 ISRCTN89951424 Phase 1 NCT04313127 (92) Phase 2 NCT04341389 (93) Phase 1/2 NCT04398147 Phase 1/2 NCT04436276 Phase 3 NCT04505722 Phase 1 NCT04436471 Phase 1 NCT04437875 Phase 1 EUCTR2020-002835-31 |
18–65 2–11, ≥18 18–55 18–60 ≥18 18–84 18–55, ≥65 ≥18 18–60 18–60 N/A |
| Replicating viral vectors | Measles virus vector-based (TMV-083) | i.m. | 1 or 2 | Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme | Phase 1 NCT04497298 | 18–55 |
| DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine S protein (INO-4800) CELLECTRA® electroporation device DNA plasmid vaccine DNA plasmid vaccine plus adjuvant (AG0301-COVID19) DNA vaccine (GX-19) |
i.d. i.d. i.m. i.m. |
2 3 2 2 |
Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute Cadila Healthcare Limited Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio Genexine Consortium |
Phase 1/2 NCT04336410 Phase 1/2 NCT04447781 Phase 1/2 CTRI/2020/07/026352 Phase 1/2 NCT04463472 Phase 1/2 NCT04445389 |
≥18 19–64 18–55 20-65 18–50 |
| RNA | LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding stabilized S protein (mRNA-1273) LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding trimerized RBD protein (BNT162) LNP-encapsulated mRNA (CVnCoV) LNP-encapsulated self-amplifying S protein mRNA (LNP-nCoVsaRNA) |
i.m. i.m. i.m. i.m. |
2 2 2 2 |
Moderna/NIAID BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer CureVac Imperial College London |
Phase 1 NCT04283461 (94) Phase 2 NCT04405076 Phase 3 NCT04470427 Phase 1/2 NCT04368728 (95) Phase 1/2 NCT04380701 Phase 3 NCT04368728 Phase 1 NCT04449276 Phase 1 ISRCTN17072692 |
18–99 ≥18 ≥18 ≥18 18–55 18–85 18–60 18–75 |
| mRNA mRNA (ARCT-021) |
i.m. i.m. |
2 2 |
People's Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech. Arcturus/Duke-NUS |
Phase 1 ChiCTR2000034112 Phase 1/2 NCT04480957 |
≥18 21–80 |
|
| VLP | Plant derived VLP adjuvanted with AS03 or CpG 1018 | i.m. | 2 | Medicago Inc. | Phase 1 NCT04450004 | 18–55 |
| Immune cell therapy | DCs (LV-SMENP-DC) and Ag-specific CTL Artificial APCs Autologous DCs (AV-COVID-19) +/– GMCSF |
s.c. i.v. s.c. s.c. |
Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute Shenzhen Geno-immune Medical Institute Aivita Biomed Inc. |
Phase 1/2 NCT04276896 (in COVID-19 patients) Phase 1 NCT04299724 (in COVID-19 patients) Phase 1/2 NCT04386252 |
6m-80 6m-80 ≥18 |
|
| Passive immunization | Convalescent plasma treatment Heat inactivated pooled plasma pill (V-SARS) |
i.v. p.o. |
Hilton Pharma Immunitor LLC |
NCT04352751 (Phase not applicable) Phase 1/2 NCT04380532 |
18–55 18–65 |
CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; NP, nanoparticle; S, spike; VLP, virus-like particle.