Table 3.

Clinical trials of BCG and MMR immunization for protection against COVID-19 (from clinicaltrials.gov).

Vaccine	Target population	Age (yrs)	N	Primary endpoint	Sponsor	Country	Clinical trial identifier
BCG	Healthy HCWs in ED, ICU, isolation ward	≥18	900	Incidence of COVID-19 cases	Ain Shams University	Egypt	NCT04350931
BCG	COVID-19 patients TST+ and TST- Case-Control	12–80	100	Pneumonia severity, need for ICU admission in TST+ and TST- patients	Assiut University	Egypt	NCT04347876
BCG	COVID-19 patients	≥18	1,000	COVID-19 progression, elimination, seroconversion	University of Campinas	Brazil	NCT04369794
BCG	COVID+ patients or COVID- patients who have been in contact with COVID-19	18–80	400	Differences in epidemiological characteristics	Direction des Soins de Santé de Base	Tunisia	NCT04384614
BCG	Healthy HCWs treating COVID-19 patients	18–100	1,500	HCW absenteeism	Bandim Health Project	Denmark	NCT04373291
BCG	Healthcare workers	≥18	1,500	HCW absenteeism	UMC Utrecht	Netherlands	NCT04328441
BCG	Healthy HCWs in contact with COVID-19 patients	≥18	500	Incidence hospitalized due to COVID-19	TASK Applied Science	South Africa	NCT04379336
BCG	Healthy HCWs treating COVID-19 patients	18–65	1,000	Incidence of COVID-19 cases	University of Antioquia	Columbia	NCT04362124
BCG	Healthy HCWs (BRACE Trial)	≥18	10,078	COVID-19 disease incidence and severe COVID-19 incidence	Murdoch Children's Research Unit	Australia	NCT04327206
BCG	Healthy HCWs in direct contact with COVID-19 patients (≥25 h/wk)	18–75	1,800	Incidence of COVID-19 infection	Texas A&M University	USA	NCT04348370
BCG	Healthy HCWs in contact with COVID-19 patients	≥18	1,120	Incidence of COVID-19 infection	Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris	France	NCT04384549
MMR	Healthy HCWs during COVID-19 outbreak	18–50	200	Incidence of COVID-19 disease	Kasr El Aini Hospital	Egypt	NCT04357028

BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine; MMR, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine; HCW, healthcare worker; TST, tuberculin skin test.