Table.
Global age-standardised SEVs for both sexes combined in 1990, 2010, and 2019, and annualised rate of change between 1990 and 2019 and 2010 and 2019
| SEV 1990 | SEV 2010 | SEV 2019 | ARC 1990–2019 | ARC 2010–19 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All risk factors | 23·09 (20·22 to 25·67) | 21·21 (18·04 to 24·26) | 21·22 (18·05 to 24·42) | −0·29% (−0·46 to −0·15)* | 0·00% (−0·18 to 0·20) | ||
| Environmental and occupational risks | 52·55 (48·66 to 55·92) | 48·50 (44·44 to 52·15) | 45·36 (41·16 to 49·19) | −0·51% (−0·62 to −0·40)* | −0·74% (−0·88 to −0·61)* | ||
| Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing | 55·40 (54·39 to 56·61) | 49·70 (48·99 to 50·47) | 47·13 (46·51 to 47·84) | −0·56% (−0·61 to −0·51)* | −0·59% (−0·67 to −0·52)* | ||
| Unsafe water source | 42·78 (41·06 to 44·39) | 36·29 (34·57 to 37·92) | 32·74 (30·82 to 34·41) | −0·92% (−1·08 to −0·76)* | −1·14% (−1·52 to −0·77)* | ||
| Unsafe sanitation | 56·28 (54·14 to 58·38) | 38·21 (35·98 to 40·80) | 28·93 (26·81 to 31·24) | −2·29% (−2·52 to −2·07)* | −3·09% (−3·68 to −2·47)* | ||
| No access to handwashing facility | 36·77 (36·54 to 37·03) | 34·05 (33·80 to 34·32) | 32·19 (31·92 to 32·48) | −0·46% (−0·50 to −0·42)* | −0·63% (−0·70 to −0·56)* | ||
| Air pollution | 45·11 (32·85 to 56·03) | 38·36 (28·33 to 48·55) | 34·68 (25·76 to 44·37) | −0·91% (−1·21 to −0·60)* | −1·12% (−1·48 to −0·81)* | ||
| Particulate matter pollution | 44·22 (31·97 to 55·06) | 37·56 (27·57 to 47·75) | 33·94 (25·11 to 43·56) | −0·91% (−1·24 to −0·61)* | −1·13% (−1·48 to −0·81)* | ||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 15·65 (10·62 to 21·58) | 22·98 (18·28 to 27·62) | 26·22 (21·57 to 30·50) | 1·78% (0·95 to 2·71)* | 1·46% (0·81 to 2·10)* | ||
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 27·08 (16·20 to 38·13) | 16·33 (9·59 to 24·52) | 11·71 (6·64 to 18·27) | −2·89% (−3·60 to −2·25)* | −3·70% (−4·64 to −2·88)* | ||
| Ambient ozone pollution | 47·56 (22·76 to 60·54) | 54·34 (29·48 to 65·36) | 55·06 (32·21 to 67·16) | 0·51% (0·27 to 1·24)* | 0·15% (−0·10 to 1·08) | ||
| Non-optimal temperature | 29·57 (26·06 to 33·72) | 30·21 (26·17 to 34·83) | 29·53 (25·41 to 34·26) | 0·00% (−0·13 to 0·11) | −0·25% (−0·39 to −0·13)* | ||
| High temperature | 25·98 (22·07 to 30·21) | 29·25 (24·92 to 33·82) | 29·59 (25·16 to 34·26) | 0·45% (0·29 to 0·59)* | 0·13% (−0·01 to 0·26) | ||
| Low temperature | 33·21 (29·24 to 37·58) | 33·47 (29·06 to 38·25) | 32·92 (28·44 to 37·82) | −0·03% (−0·13 to 0·06) | −0·18% (−0·31 to −0·07)* | ||
| Other environmental risks | 50·81 (40·53 to 59·86) | 45·11 (34·46 to 55·29) | 39·67 (29·01 to 50·86) | −0·85% (−1·18 to −0·55)* | −1·43% (−1·95 to −0·93)* | ||
| Residential radon | 18·54 (12·37 to 25·82) | 18·20 (12·23 to 25·41) | 18·12 (12·17 to 25·43) | −0·08% (−0·27 to 0·10) | −0·05% (−0·25 to 0·14) | ||
| Lead exposure | 68·52 (53·18 to 80·97) | 59·82 (43·52 to 74·40) | 51·26 (35·09 to 67·32) | −1·00% (−1·43 to −0·63)* | −1·72% (−2·40 to −1·09)* | ||
| Occupational risks | 3·36 (2·99 to 3·90) | 3·33 (2·97 to 3·89) | 3·32 (2·96 to 3·87) | −0·05% (−0·15 to 0·05) | −0·05% (−0·22 to 0·13) | ||
| Behavioural risks | 16·80 (14·82 to 19·05) | 15·38 (13·28 to 17·72) | 15·09 (12·96 to 17·43) | −0·37% (−0·50 to −0·25)* | −0·21% (−0·36 to −0·07)* | ||
| Child and maternal malnutrition | 20·05 (19·06 to 21·19) | 17·77 (16·61 to 19·07) | 17·23 (15·98 to 18·55) | −0·52% (−0·67 to −0·40)* | −0·34% (−0·51 to −0·18)* | ||
| Suboptimal breastfeeding | 21·66 (20·28 to 22·96) | 20·05 (18·26 to 21·34) | 19·34 (17·42 to 20·68) | −0·39% (−0·55 to −0·31)* | −0·40% (−0·61 to −0·21)* | ||
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 21·34 (14·67 to 29·82) | 19·40 (13·38 to 27·18) | 18·39 (12·91 to 25·53) | −0·51% (−0·61 to −0·40)* | −0·59% (−0·83 to −0·31)* | ||
| Discontinued breastfeeding | 12·33 (12·04 to 12·65) | 10·73 (10·50 to 10·99) | 10·24 (9·96 to 10·54) | −0·64% (−0·77 to −0·52)* | −0·52% (−0·87 to −0·17)* | ||
| Child growth failure | 4·93 (4·41 to 5·57) | 4·21 (3·70 to 4·78) | 3·53 (3·01 to 4·10) | −1·15% (−1·43 to −0·83)* | −1·95% (−2·37 to −1·50)* | ||
| Child underweight | 13·32 (11·73 to 14·71) | 10·51 (8·98 to 11·97) | 8·13 (6·50 to 9·68) | −1·70% (−2·05 to −1·45)* | −2·86% (−3·54 to −2·37)* | ||
| Child wasting | 5·28 (4·50 to 5·98) | 5·23 (4·41 to 5·97) | 4·89 (4·08 to 5·61) | −0·26% (−0·34 to −0·21)* | −0·74% (−0·88 to −0·64)* | ||
| Child stunting | 24·07 (16·71 to 26·41) | 19·65 (13·76 to 22·01) | 16·24 (11·45 to 18·72) | −1·36% (−1·63 to −1·17)* | −2·11% (−2·68 to −1·74)* | ||
| Low birthweight and short gestation | 11·92 (10·66 to 13·44) | 11·32 (10·15 to 12·67) | 11·10 (9·99 to 12·42) | −0·25% (−0·46 to −0·10)* | −0·21% (−0·49 to 0·02) | ||
| Short gestation | 13·88 (12·81 to 15·20) | 13·04 (12·19 to 13·96) | 13·17 (12·30 to 14·13) | −0·18% (−0·43 to −0·01)* | 0·11% (−0·22 to 0·39) | ||
| Low birthweight | 11·03 (10·41 to 11·81) | 10·11 (9·68 to 10·52) | 9·69 (9·28 to 10·14) | −0·45% (−0·69 to −0·28)* | −0·47% (−0·76 to −0·21)* | ||
| Iron deficiency | 22·65 (21·51 to 23·98) | 20·11 (18·78 to 21·59) | 19·57 (18·11 to 21·12) | −0·50% (−0·65 to −0·38)* | −0·30% (−0·47 to −0·14)* | ||
| Vitamin A deficiency | 33·42 (30·78 to 36·10) | 22·00 (19·70 to 24·45) | 15·01 (13·55 to 16·86) | −2·76% (−3·13 to −2·30)* | −4·25% (−5·02 to −3·47)* | ||
| Zinc deficiency | 13·84 (5·91 to 24·06) | 11·88 (4·96 to 21·34) | 8·78 (2·89 to 17·60) | −1·57% (−2·57 to −1·07)* | −3·35% (−6·44 to −2·04)* | ||
| Tobacco | 30·54 (29·08 to 32·10) | 25·32 (24·00 to 26·80) | 24·03 (22·75 to 25·44) | −0·83% (−0·89 to −0·77)* | −0·58% (−0·69 to −0·47)* | ||
| Smoking | 14·85 (13·27 to 16·56) | 12·41 (11·08 to 13·94) | 11·14 (9·93 to 12·54) | −0·99% (−1·04 to −0·94)* | −1·20% (−1·29 to −1·11)* | ||
| Chewing tobacco | 4·58 (4·18 to 4·98) | 4·95 (4·71 to 5·20) | 5·11 (4·80 to 5·44) | 0·37% (0·03 to 0·76)* | 0·36% (−0·32 to 1·05) | ||
| Secondhand smoke | 43·20 (42·80 to 43·62) | 37·76 (37·32 to 38·19) | 37·51 (37·00 to 38·09) | −0·49% (−0·54 to −0·43)* | −0·07% (−0·20 to 0·06) | ||
| Alcohol use | 6·50 (4·62 to 8·84) | 6·68 (4·81 to 9·02) | 6·99 (4·98 to 9·41) | 0·25% (0·00 to 0·56) | 0·50% (0·05 to 0·95)* | ||
| Drug use | 0·18 (0·12 to 0·28) | 0·18 (0·13 to 0·27) | 0·19 (0·14 to 0·27) | 0·28% (−0·19 to 0·69) | 0·53% (0·06 to 0·97)* | ||
| Dietary risks | 51·31 (40·44 to 62·42) | 48·28 (36·60 to 60·37) | 47·10 (35·39 to 59·62) | −0·30% (−0·50 to −0·15)* | −0·28% (−0·50 to −0·10)* | ||
| Diet low in fruits | 66·70 (59·36 to 75·08) | 59·09 (51·17 to 67·81) | 56·86 (49·36 to 65·37) | −0·55% (−0·71 to −0·42)* | −0·43% (−0·58 to −0·29)* | ||
| Diet low in vegetables | 51·32 (38·33 to 65·78) | 40·29 (29·88 to 52·52) | 40·24 (29·59 to 52·46) | −0·84% (−0·93 to −0·74)* | −0·02% (−0·14 to 0·10) | ||
| Diet low in legumes | 69·46 (36·73 to 91·69) | 61·20 (28·89 to 84·10) | 59·67 (27·55 to 83·28) | −0·52% (−1·08 to −0·32)* | −0·28% (−0·67 to 0·00) | ||
| Diet low in whole grains | 79·92 (72·52 to 87·44) | 79·57 (72·09 to 87·12) | 78·81 (71·06 to 86·78) | −0·05% (−0·07 to −0·03)* | −0·11% (−0·17 to −0·06)* | ||
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 57·76 (29·48 to 73·08) | 50·13 (25·10 to 68·03) | 47·47 (23·73 to 66·35) | −0·68% (−0·92 to −0·29)* | −0·61% (−0·91 to −0·26)* | ||
| Diet low in milk | 80·09 (68·47 to 89·10) | 80·81 (70·31 to 89·37) | 82·54 (71·88 to 91·12) | 0·10% (0·05 to 0·18)* | 0·23% (0·16 to 0·33)* | ||
| Diet high in red meat | 40·50 (33·75 to 47·06) | 43·15 (36·95 to 49·10) | 43·94 (38·03 to 49·58) | 0·28% (0·15 to 0·47)* | 0·20% (−0·04 to 0·50) | ||
| Diet high in processed meat | 30·95 (20·80 to 42·39) | 30·56 (20·13 to 43·05) | 29·81 (19·04 to 43·32) | −0·13% (−0·39 to 0·12) | −0·27% (−0·69 to 0·10) | ||
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 29·97 (22·97 to 42·54) | 29·35 (21·94 to 41·88) | 30·36 (22·71 to 43·05) | 0·04% (−0·43 to 0·37) | 0·38% (−0·22 to 0·76) | ||
| Diet low in fiber | 36·87 (25·93 to 47·86) | 31·43 (21·20 to 41·62) | 27·62 (18·60 to 36·95) | −1·00% (−1·23 to −0·81)* | −1·43% (−1·78 to −1·11)* | ||
| Diet low in calcium | 52·64 (43·62 to 64·79) | 48·63 (38·79 to 62·22) | 46·02 (35·93 to 60·32) | −0·46% (−0·68 to −0·23)* | −0·61% (−0·89 to −0·31)* | ||
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 96·35 (93·21 to 99·89) | 93·13 (89·11 to 98·47) | 93·52 (88·71 to 99·41) | −0·10% (−0·18 to −0·01)* | 0·05% (−0·07 to 0·15) | ||
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 69·53 (49·68 to 82·70) | 62·66 (37·55 to 79·83) | 61·86 (35·56 to 80·13) | −0·40% (−1·08 to −0·08)* | −0·14% (−0·50 to 0·14) | ||
| Diet high in trans fatty acids | 50·54 (43·82 to 63·48) | 45·22 (38·20 to 58·98) | 44·67 (37·57 to 58·75) | −0·43% (−0·58 to −0·17)* | −0·14% (−0·41 to 0·08) | ||
| Diet high in sodium | 48·42 (32·26 to 64·13) | 46·04 (28·63 to 62·81) | 44·97 (27·44 to 62·14) | −0·25% (−0·59 to −0·09)* | −0·26% (−0·60 to −0·07)* | ||
| Intimate partner violence | 22·48 (13·03 to 30·15) | 22·17 (13·13 to 29·08) | 22·98 (13·31 to 30·37) | 0·07% (0·00 to 0·16) | 0·40% (0·00 to 0·73) | ||
| Childhood sexual abuse and bullying | 7·55 (4·99 to 11·23) | 8·46 (5·63 to 12·84) | 9·10 (6·04 to 13·85) | 0·65% (0·49 to 0·79)* | 0·81% (0·64 to 0·96)* | ||
| Childhood sexual abuse | 8·68 (6·85 to 10·90) | 8·65 (6·89 to 10·78) | 9·36 (7·40 to 11·79) | 0·26% (0·18 to 0·33)* | 0·87% (0·60 to 1·15)* | ||
| Bullying victimisation | 5·51 (2·34 to 11·04) | 6·83 (3·04 to 13·36) | 7·31 (3·25 to 14·34) | 0·98% (0·82 to 1·28)* | 0·76% (0·54 to 0·90)* | ||
| Unsafe sex | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Low physical activity | 3·34 (1·79 to 6·00) | 3·43 (1·90 to 6·08) | 3·54 (1·95 to 6·26) | 0·20% (0·06 to 0·41)* | 0·37% (−0·13 to 0·87) | ||
| Metabolic risks | 14·90 (12·02 to 18·55) | 19·40 (16·12 to 23·38) | 22·14 (18·63 to 26·36) | 1·37% (1·17 to 1·56)* | 1·46% (1·26 to 1·69)* | ||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 7·88 (6·96 to 8·85) | 10·41 (9·43 to 11·42) | 11·72 (10·56 to 12·94) | 1·37% (1·27 to 1·46)* | 1·32% (1·01 to 1·64)* | ||
| High LDL cholesterol | 35·68 (32·92 to 38·73) | 32·67 (29·73 to 35·84) | 32·44 (29·49 to 35·57) | −0·33% (−0·38 to −0·28)* | −0·08% (−0·12 to −0·05)* | ||
| High systolic blood pressure | 27·12 (25·51 to 28·87) | 26·50 (24·51 to 28·46) | 27·74 (25·70 to 29·72) | 0·08% (−0·12 to 0·28) | 0·51% (0·04 to 1·00)* | ||
| High body-mass index | 11·09 (7·96 to 15·23) | 16·46 (12·79 to 21·04) | 19·45 (15·57 to 24·39) | 1·94% (1·56 to 2·35)* | 1·86% (1·55 to 2·19)* | ||
| Low bone mineral density | 17·06 (12·11 to 23·39) | 16·42 (11·66 to 22·72) | 16·26 (11·41 to 22·60) | −0·16% (−0·25 to −0·10)* | −0·10% (−0·34 to 0·09) | ||
| Kidney dysfunction | 20·56 (14·29 to 27·97) | 22·35 (15·82 to 29·79) | 22·74 (16·24 to 30·25) | 0·35% (0·26 to 0·47)* | 0·19% (0·13 to 0·28)* | ||
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. SEVs are measured on a 0 to 100 scale, in which 100 is when the entire population is exposed to maximum risk and 0 is when the entire population is at minimum risk. SEVs are shown for all levels of the risk factor hierarchy. ARC=annualised rate of change. SEVs=summary exposure values.
*
Statistically significant increase or decrease.