Table 2.

Organ Chip systems applied for the evaluations of nanomedicine.

Physiological System	Recapitulated Organ/Tissue	Nanomedicine (Nanoparticulate)	Evaluation	References
Respiration System	Lung-on-a-chip	SiO2, ZnO, TiO2	Studying of translocation and inflammatory effect of nanoparticles.	[68,90]
Digestive System	Liver-on-a-chip (integrated with intestine-on-a-chip)	Carboxylated polystyrene (PS)	Simulation of livery injury from ingested nanoparticles caused by gastrointestinal tract and liver tissue crosstalk.	[91]
Lymphatic System	Spleen- on-a-chip (a biospleen device)	Magnetic nanobeads	Cleaning pathogens from the blood of sepsis patients by using opsonin-coated nanobeads.	[92]
Excretory System	Kidney-on-a-chip	PS	Monitoring of in situ kidney injury via incorporated nanoparticles that introduced as an imaging adjuvant.	[93]
Nervous System	Blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip	Angiopep-2 liposomes, gH625-functionalized PS	Evaluation of the efficiency of nanoparticles penetration by BBB.	[[94], [95], [96]]
Vascular System	Vascular-on-a-chip & Vascular-Tumor-on-a-chip	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-coated PLGA, antibody-coated PS, functionalized liposomes.	Validation of extravasation, targeting specificity, and accumulating of nanoparticles.	[[97], [98], [99], [100], [101]]
Tumor/Cancer	Tumor/Cancer-on-a-chip	Gold nanoparticles (Au), PEGylated Au, cadmium telluride (CdTe)/Au, functionalized liposomes.	Evaluation of the efficiency of targeting, transport, and accumulation of nanoparticles.	[[102], [103], [104], [105]]