Table 5.

Associations between improvement in physiological markers between randomization and the visit prior to cognitive testing and mean standardized cognitive test score

Cognitive Score	BMIa		Paffenbarger per 1000 kcal/wk Change
	Decrease over follow-up		Change over follow-up
	ß (95% CI)	P-value	ß (95% CI)	P-value
Modified Mini-Mental State Exam	-0.015 (-0.032, 0.002)	0.0853	-0.028 (-0.096, 0.039)	0.4098
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test	-0.028 (-0.048, -0.008)	0.0053	0.003 (-0.074, 0.081)	0.9325
Digit Symbol Coding	0.015 (-0.005, 0.034)	0.1358	0.051 (-0.025, 0.127)	0.1909
Trail Making Test – Part B	-0.009 (-0.026, 0.007)	0.2693	-0.041 (-0.105, 0.024)	0.2139
Stroop	0.008 (-0.011, 0.027)	0.4086	0.054 (-0.022, 0.130)	0.1612
Cognitive Composite Score	-0.006 (-0.019, 0.007)	0.3933	0.007 (-0.044, 0.059)	0.7882
Cognitive score	Glucosea per 10 mg/dl change		HbA1c
	Decrease over follow-up		Decrease over follow-up
	ß (95% CI)	P-value	ß (95% CI)	P-value
Modified Mini-Mental State Exam	0.005 (-0.013, 0.023)	0.5678	-0.018 (-0.077, 0.040)	0.5381
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test	0.026 (0.005, 0.046)	0.0148	0.043 (-0.025, 0.111)	0.2172
Digit Symbol Coding	0.022 (0.001, 0.042)	0.0360	0.067 (0.001, 0.134)	0.0477
Trail Making Test – Part B	0.004 (-0.013, 0.021)	0.6287	-0.012 (-0.068, 0.044)	0.6748
Stroop	0.004 (-0.016, 0.024)	0.6885	0.028 (-0.036, 0.093)	0.3891
Cognitive Composite Score	0.012 (-0.002, 0.026)	0.0869	0.021 (-0.024, 0.066)	0.3600

All variables are coded such that positive beta values reflect an association between an improvement in the physiological marker and greater performance on the cognitive test. Models adjusted for randomization arm, race, sex, clinical site, education group, years from randomization, order of cognitive test (first, second, or third), level of the physiological marker as randomization, and repeated measures.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; wk, week.

^a BMI and glucose were reverse-coded such that increases infer improvement.