Fig. 4.

Some DAMPs

Several DAMPs have been identified and are released from both extracellular and intracellular compartments following stress, tissue injury or cell death, all of which might occur at sites of high physical stressing, including the entheses in early SpA. Upon release, DAMPs bind to their respective pattern recognition receptors and induce inflammatory responses that are essential in driving normal repair and homeostasis. Uncontrolled, DAMPs result in hyperactivation of innate immune signals and responses driving and exacerbating inflammatory diseases.