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. 2020 Oct 15;10:17359. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71460-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glaucomatous injury leads to glial activation and apoptosis. (a–c, j) Expression of GFAP was displayed in close association with RGCs in the nerve fiber layer, with significantly higher intensity in bead injected and ONC retinas. (d–f, j) Microglia were identified throughout layers inward of the ONL by IBA1, with increased intensity of microglia and morphological changes of these cells in bead injected and ONC retinas. (g–j) Increased apoptosis was observed after bead injection and ONC through increased expression of active caspase-3 compared to controls. Error bars represent S.E.M. Scale bars equal 100 µm. Statistical differences were determined using a One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc with 95% confidence. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). n = 6 retinas were analyzed per group, with 4 cross sections and numerous technical replicates per cross section. Cross sections contained both nasal and temporal parts, with technical replicates including areas from both the central and peripheral retina.