Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Glob Environ Change. 2020 Sep 9;64:102148. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102148

Table 1.

Descriptive characteristics of 21 sites with water borrowing information from the HWISE study.

World Region Site Sample size Female% Mean age (SD) Mean HH size (SD) Season Language Sampling strategy Urbanicity Primary source of drinking water, %
Africa Kahemba, DRC 392 65.6 38.5 (14.7) 6.7 (2.7) Dry Kikongo, Lingala Cluster random Rural Surface water, 99.7
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 259 100 36.0 (13.0) 5.0 (2.2) Rainy Amharic stratified random Rural Unprotected dug well, 25.1
Accra, Ghana 229 78.2 37.3 (12.9) 6.2 (5.2) Rainy English stratified random Urban Bagged/sachet water, 86.0
Kisumu, Kenya 247 81.3 39.9 (15.5) 5.5 (2.8) Neither rainy nor dry Luo, Swahili, English Simple random Rural Surface water, 17.4
Lilongwe, Malawi 302 86.8 32.3 (12.0) 5.2 (2.3) Neither rainy nor dry Chichewa, English Cluster random Peri-urban Standpipe, 45.4
Lagos, Nigeria 239 73.5 39.2 (10.8) 4.8 (3.1) Rainy English, Yoruba, Pidgin Multi-stage random Urban Bagged/sachet water, 48.9
Morogoro, Tanzania 300 78.3 40.1 (14.9) 6.2 (3.5) Dry Swahili Cluster random Urban and peri-urban Standpipe, 70.7
Arua, Uganda 250 85.6 36.5 (14.8) 6.1 (2.9) Rainy Lugbara, English Cluster random Rural Protected dug well, 64.8
Europe & Central Asia Dushanbe, Tajikistan 225 73.3 41.0 (14.4) 5.5 (2.7) Dry Tajik, Russian Cluster random Urban Piped water, 58.2
Latin America and the Caribbean San Borja, Bolivia 247 58.6 40.0 (14.6) 5.8 (3.0) Dry Spanish Simple random Peri-urban and rural Standpipe, 41.6
Cartagena, Colombia 266 69.2 40.8 (15.1) 5.3 (2.8) Dry Spanish Simple random Urban Piped water, 46.2
Honda, Colombia 196 63.6 52.2 (15.2) 3.4 (1.9) Rainy Spanish Cluster random Peri-urban Piped water, 74.5
Chiquimula, Guatemala 314 86.6 38.8 (15.0) 6.1 (2.5) Dry Spanish Systematic random Rural Bottled water, 70.2
Merida, Mexico 250 63.2 45.3 (15.5) 4.7 (2.7) Dry Spanish Cluster random Urban Bagged/sachet water, 50.0
Torreon, Mexico 249 73.1 46.3 (16.6) 3.7 (2.3) Dry Spanish Stratified cluster random Urban Bottled water, 70.2%
Middle East and North Africa Beirut, Lebanon 574 63.8 42.9 (14.9) 4.2 (1.9) Rainy Arabic Cluster random Urban Small water vendor, 54.5
Sistan & Balochistan, Iran 306 99.0 33.3 (10.9) 5.4 (2.3) Dry Farsi stratified random Urban, peri-urban, & rural Small water vendor, 48.0
South Asia/Pacific Rajasthan, India 248 27.0 41.9 (13.1) 6.3 (3.6) Dry Hindi stratified random Urban Tanker truck, 55.2
Labuan Bajo, Indonesia 279 44.8 38.2 (11.3) 4.6 (1.9) Dry Indonesian Simple random Urban Bagged/sachet water, 36.9
Kathmandu, Nepal 263 71.5 41.4 (13.3) 4.8 (2.2) Rainy Nepali Cluster random Urban Bottled water, 49.8
Punjab, Pakistan 235 57.5 35.9 (10.1) 8.1 (2.8) Dry Seraikee, Urdu Cluster random Rural and peri-urban Standpipe, 26.6