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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 16.
Published in final edited form as: Glob Environ Change. 2020 Sep 9;64:102148. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102148

Table 2.

Mixed-effect nested logistic regression examining the relationship of water need and institutional failures on odds of borrowing water.

1 2 3 4 5 6
Borrowed water Borrowed water Borrowed water Borrowed water Borrowed water Borrowed water
VARIABLES Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI)
Unmet water need: Low tertile (REF) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Middle water need tertile 3.29***
(2.22–4.87)		 3.12***
(2.11–4.63)		 2.85***
(1.94–4.17)		 2.41***
(1.67–3.47)		 2.29***
(1.57–3.33)		 2.18***
(1.49–3.19)
High water need tertile 6.18***
(4.32–8.84)		 5.44***
(3.84–7.70)		 4.53***
(3.26–6.29)		 3.25***
(2.33–4.52)		 3.09***
(2.24–4.25)		 2.86***
(2.09–3.91)
Relative SES (perceived standing) 1.11***
(1.05–1.18)		 1.10***
(1.05–1.16)		 1.09***
(1.04–1.14)		 1.10***
(1.06–1.14)		 1.09***
(1.05–1.13)
Water safety: None (REF) 1 1 1 1
Rarely (1–2 times) 1.34**
(1.07–1.67)		 1.27**
(1.03–1.56)		 1.19
(0.96–1.48)		 1.23**
(1.00–1.51)
Some or more (3 + times) 1.86***
(1.41–2.45)		 1.66***
(1.23–2.24)		 1.51**
(1.10–2.08)		 1.57***
(1.12–2.19)
Day interrupted: None (REF) 1 1 1
Rarely (1–2 times) 1.96***
(1.49–2.57)		 1.88***
(1.40–2.52)		 1.81***
(1.33–2.47)
Some or more (3 + times) 2.57***
(1.73–3.80)		 2.61***
(1.72–3.94)		 2.53***
(1.68–3.81)
Unable to buy water: None (REF) 1 1
Rarely (1–2 times) 1.60***
(1.18–2.17)		 1.51***
(1.13–2.03)
Some or more (3 + times) 1.58***
(1.13–2.21)		 1.52**
(1.10–2.11)
Water fetching time: 0 min (in home: REF) 1
1–29 min 1.51***
(1.15–1.98)
30–59 min 1.63***
(1.14–2.33)
60 + minutes 2.58***
(1.77–3.76)
Improved drinking water source (yes) 1.10
(0.84–1.44)		 1.07
(0.83–1.38)		 1.09
(0.83–1.42)		 1.09
(0.85–1.40)		 1.06
(0.84–1.32)		 1.13
(0.89–1.42)
Rainy season (REF) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dry season 3.16**
(1.18–8.46)		 3.09**
(1.19–8.03)		 2.73**
(1.13–6.58)		 2.44**
(1.14–5.24)		 2.23**
(1.02–4.87)		 2.15**
(1.10–4.20)
Not rainy nor dry season 2.22**
(1.06–4.66)		 1.98*
(0.98–4.00)		 1.90**
(1.03–3.49)		 1.55
(0.88–2.74)		 1.45
(0.79–2.66)		 1.45
(0.77–2.74)
Rural (yes) 1.20
(0.79–1.81)		 1.17
(0.81–1.70)		 1.14
(0.77–1.68)		 1.19
(0.82–1.71)		 1.22
(0.83–1.79)		 1.13
(0.78–1.64)
Drinking water storage greater than 5 L per person 0.89
(0.64–1.24)		 0.90
(0.65–1.24)		 0.89
(0.64–1.23)		 0.90
(0.65–1.26)		 0.89
(0.64–1.24)		 0.89
(0.63–1.26)
Age 0.99
(0.96–1.02)		 1.00
(0.97–1.02)		 0.99
(0.96–1.02)		 0.99
(0.96–1.02)		 1.00
(0.97–1.03)		 1.00
(0.97–1.03)
Age-squared 1.00
(1.00–1.00)		 1.00
(1.00–1.00)		 1.00
(1.00–1.00)		 1.00
(1.00–1.00)		 1.00
(1.00–1.00)		 1.00
(1.00–1.00)
Head of household sex (male) 0.98
(0.81–1.18)		 1.00
(0.83–1.20)		 0.99
(0.82–1.19)		 0.96
(0.79–1.17)		 0.97
(0.78–1.20)		 0.98
(0.79–1.21)
Observations 4,980 4,883 4,852 4,823 4,444 4,417
Number of sites 21 21 21 21 21 21

Robust 95% confidence intervals (CI) in parentheses.

***

p < 0.001,

**

p < 0.01,

*

p < 0.05.

Site-level clusters and constant included in model, but not shown. HH: Household; REF: Reference category; SES: Socio-economic status.