(A) Schematic and photomicrograph of coronal section showing AAV-DIO-hM3Dq-mCherry injection into the bilateral VLO of CaMK2A-Cre mice. Scale bar: 500 μm for low magnification, 50 μm for high magnification. (B) Schematic of the protocol for the experiments in D–H. (C) An example showing that bath CNO (500 nM) evoked action potentials (APs) in hM3Dq-mCherry injection mice. (D–H) Activation of bilateral VLO CaMK2A+ neurons by chemogenetic manipulation produced an antianxiodepressive effect in EPM and OFT (D–F), FST (G), and TST (H). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, 2-sided Student’s t test; n = 8 (mCherry) and 13 (hM3Dq).