Table 3.

Characteristics of studies that described or evaluated an intervention to address barriers to breast feeding in physicians or residents

Study	Population	No of participants	Intervention	Comparison	Study design	Outcome
						Structural barriers	Time constraints	Colleague support	Harassment and discrimination	Milk supply	Other outcomes
Creo et al	Residents working at an academic hospital who were expressing breast milk at work	6	Purchasing a hospital-grade breast pump	Use of a personal pump, pre intervention	Pre/post evaluation using semi structured interviews	–	Less time spent pumping per session	Fewer comments from staff and colleagues about time spent pumping	–	Increased milk expressed per session	Less anxiety about pumping at work
Porter et al68	Physicians and support staff working in a single radiology department	323 visits in a 4-month period	A dedicated space with a lock, furnishings, cleaning, and supplies for expressing milk	–	Narrative description of the intervention and its implementation	–	–	–	–	–	–
Jones et al14	All physician, resident, or medical student mothers who use social media	Not reported	A Facebook group (DR MILK) for breastfeeding physician or trainee mothers	–	Narrative description of the intervention and its benefits	Provides advice on the legal rights of working mothers	–	Provides peer support and advice about breastfeeding at work	–	–	Provides advice and strategies about expressing breast milk at work
Robbins et al69	Radiology residents within a single training programme	Not reported	Designated breastfeeding room with locks and wireless Internet access, and time for expressing breast milk in schedule.	–	Narrative description of the intervention.	–	–	–	–	–	–
Eren et al51	All phyicians working at one of three academic hospitals in Turkey	109	Expansion of parental accommodations as law in Turkey. These expansions included (1) ability to leave work early after return from maternity leave; (2) withdrawal from night shift from the announcement of pregnancy to 24 months post partum	Before and after an employee protections law	Survey of self-reported breastfeeding outcomes from before and after the law came into effect.						Breastfeeding duration significantly increased after the law by about 4 months