Table 3.
Viral respiratory infection | Cytokine storm | Refs |
---|---|---|
H1N1 | IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-15, and IL-12p70 | [79] |
MERS | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, and IL-17 | [77,80] |
SARS | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, IP-10, and MCP-1 | [77,80] |
COVID-19 | GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A, and TNF-α | [8,131] |
Abbreviations: GM-CSF, human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IP, interferon-inducible protein; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP-1A, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.