Table 2.
Outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound-guided antegrade radiofrequency ablation and metal stenting with hepaticoenterostomy
| Successful puncture and guidewire placement, n (%) | 20/20 (100) |
| Puncture site, n (%) | |
| Stomach | 18 (90) |
| Jejunum | 2 (10) |
| Accessed biliary branch duct, n (%) | |
| B3 | 16 (80) |
| B2 | 4 (20) |
| Technical success of EUS-HEAS with RFA, n (%) | 16/20 (80) |
| Causes of failure, n | |
| Failure to insert RFA catheter through the fistula | 2 |
| Failure to pass RFA catheter through the stricture | 2 |
| EUS-AS, n | |
| Across the papilla | 13 |
| Above the papilla | 3 |
| Functional success, n (%) | 16/20 (80) |
| Median procedure time (range), min | 44 (15–84) |
| Adverse events other than RBO, n (%) | |
| Early (≤30 d), n (%) | 2/20 (10) |
| Pancreatitis | 1 |
| Biliary peritonitis | 1 |
| Late (≥31 d), n (%) | 2/16 (13) |
| Liver abscess | 1 |
| Nonocclusion cholangitis | 1 |
| RBO, n (%) | 4/16 (25) |
| Causes of RBO, n | |
| Ingrowth | 2 |
| Sludge | 1 |
| Overgrowth | 1 |
| Median time to RBO (range), d | 276 (46–484) |
| Median survival time (range), d | 184 (46–519) |
EUS-AS, endoscopic ultrasound-guided antegrade stenting; EUS-HEAS, endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticoenterostomy with antegrade stenting; RBO, recurrent biliary obstruction; RFA, radiofrequency ablation.