TABLE 5.
Comparison of serum levels of cytokines among SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 patientsa
| Cytokine | Value for disease (references) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| SARS (134, 207–210) | MERS (133, 211) | COVID-19 (26, 130–132, 150, 212) | |
| IL-1β | E/U | U | E/U |
| IL-2 | E | N | E |
| IL-4 | E/L | N | E |
| IL-6 | E | E | E |
| IL-8 | E | N | E |
| IL-10 | E | N/E | E |
| IL-12 | E | N | E |
| IL-18 | E | NR | E |
| TNF-α | N/E | E | E |
| IFN-γ | E | E | E/N |
| IP-10 | N/E | E | E |
| MCP-1 | E | E | E |
| MIP-1A | NR | NR | E |
| M-CSF | NR | NR | E |
| G-CSF | NR | NR | E |
a
Abbreviations: NR, none reported; N, normal; E, elevated; L, lower; U, undetectable; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IP-10, interferon-inducible protein-10; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-1A, macrophage inflammatory protein-1a; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.