Table 1.
Participant characteristics and mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA; ng/mL) level among 928 African American (AA) men, Chicago 2013–2018.
| Participant Characteristics | n | Dichotomous |
Continuous |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSA <4 (row %) | PSA ≥4 (row %) | Mean PSA | St. Dev. | ||
| Behavioral factors | |||||
| Cigarette smoking historya | |||||
| Never | 198 | 95.5% | 4.5% | 1.40 | 2.04 |
| 0 to 1 pack-year | 605 | 93.1% | 6.9% | 1.47 | 2.27 |
| >1 pack-year | 125 | 86.4% | 13.6% | 1.86 | 2.64 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.008 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.168 | ||||
| Other current tobacco usea,d | |||||
| No | 837 | 93.1% | 6.9% | 1.45 | 2.08 |
| Yes | 91 | 89.0% | 11.0% | 1.98 | 3.62 |
| χ2 P-valueb | 0.158 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.038 | ||||
| Current marijuana use | |||||
| No | 741 | 91.9% | 8.1% | 1.56 | 2.38 |
| Yes | 187 | 95.7% | 4.3% | 1.27 | 1.84 |
| χ2 P-valueb | 0.073 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.119 | ||||
| Co-variates | |||||
| Age (years)a | |||||
| 40 to <45 | 108 | 98.2% | 1.8% | 0.99 | 0.94 |
| 45 to <50 | 176 | 97.2% | 2.8% | 0.97 | 1.06 |
| 50 to <55 | 213 | 93.4% | 6.6% | 1.42 | 2.31 |
| 55 to <60 | 196 | 90.3% | 9.7% | 1.69 | 2.44 |
| ≥60 | 235 | 88.1% | 11.9% | 2.07 | 2.98 |
| χ2 p-valueb | <0.001 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | <0.001 | ||||
| Marital statusa | |||||
| Single, never married | 450 | 94.7% | 5.3% | 1.34 | 2.07 |
| Married | 158 | 92.4% | 7.6% | 1.57 | 2.21 |
| Living with partner | 53 | 90.6% | 9.4% | 1.70 | 1.77 |
| Separated | 74 | 91.9% | 8.1% | 1.50 | 2.56 |
| Divorced | 156 | 87.8% | 12.2% | 1.93 | 2.99 |
| Widowed | 34 | 94.1% | 5.9% | 1.22 | 1.32 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.184 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.184 | ||||
| Individual socioeconomic status (SES)a | |||||
| Low | 720 | 92.8% | 7.2% | 1.53 | 2.39 |
| Middle | 148 | 91.9% | 8.1% | 1.47 | 1.96 |
| High | <10 | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ |
| Missing | 53 | 92.5% | 7.5% | 1.34 | 1.63 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.873 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.904 | ||||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), quintilee | |||||
| Quintile 1 (Low) | 313 | 91.1% | 8.9% | 1.52 | 2.20 |
| Q2 | 326 | 92.3% | 7.7% | 1.58 | 2.41 |
| Q3 | 197 | 94.4% | 5.6% | 1.41 | 2.31 |
| Q4 | 87 | 96.6% | 3.5% | 1.36 | 2.06 |
| Q5 (High) | <10 | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.42 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.851 | ||||
| Overall self-rated health, 10-point scorea,f | |||||
| Quintile 1 (Low) | 185 | 88.7% | 11.3% | 1.86 | 2.98 |
| Q2 | 71 | 93.0% | 7.0% | 1.45 | 1.64 |
| Q3 | 168 | 93.5% | 6.5% | 1.36 | 2.05 |
| Q4 | 286 | 93.0% | 7.0% | 1.47 | 2.09 |
| Q5 (High) | 218 | 95.0% | 5.0% | 1.37 | 2.17 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.179 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.191 | ||||
| Hypertension medicationa | |||||
| No | 608 | 92.6% | 7.4% | 1.53 | 2.46 |
| Yes | 320 | 92.8% | 7.2% | 1.45 | 1.89 |
| χ2 P-valueb | 0.905 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.600 | ||||
| Previous cancer diagnosisa | |||||
| No | 903 | 92.7% | 7.3% | 1.51 | 2.30 |
| Yes | 25 | 92.0% | 8.0% | 1.27 | 1.21 |
| χ2 P-valueb | 0.896 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.602 | ||||
| Body mass index (BMI)g | |||||
| Underweight | 40 | 97.5% | 2.5% | 1.32 | 0.91 |
| Normal weight | 322 | 92.9% | 7.1% | 1.48 | 2.21 |
| Overweight | 308 | 90.3% | 9.7% | 1.71 | 2.60 |
| Obese | 244 | 94.7% | 5.3% | 1.27 | 1.90 |
| Missing | 14 | 92.9% | 7.4% | 2.07 | 4.14 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.243 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.181 | ||||
| Health insurance provider typea | |||||
| Medicaid | 306 | 93.1% | 6.9% | 1.37 | 1.75 |
| Uninsured | 223 | 93.7% | 6.3% | 1.32 | 1.98 |
| Other govt supported | 273 | 91.9% | 8.1% | 1.65 | 2.61 |
| Private or single payer | 119 | 91.6% | 8.4% | 1.85 | 3.06 |
| Missing | <10 | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | ∼ |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.848 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.169 | ||||
| Last PSA testa | |||||
| Never | 489 | 92.8% | 7.2% | 1.45 | 2.37 |
| <1 year | 162 | 92.6% | 7.4% | 1.56 | 1.99 |
| 1 to 5 years | 165 | 90.9% | 9.1% | 1.87 | 2.62 |
| >5 years ago | 59 | 94.9% | 5.1% | 1.08 | 1.08 |
| Unknown | 53 | 94.3% | 5.7% | 1.15 | 1.96 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.839 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.094 | ||||
| Last prostate exama | |||||
| Never | 492 | 93.3% | 6.7% | 1.51 | 2.47 |
| <1 year | 128 | 91.4% | 8.6% | 1.56 | 1.95 |
| 1 to 5 years | 199 | 91.5% | 8.5% | 1.60 | 2.32 |
| >5 years ago | 109 | 93.6% | 6.4% | 1.26 | 1.54 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.766 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.640 | ||||
| Visits to doctor in last 12 monthsa | |||||
| Quintile 1 (Low) | 183 | 90.2% | 9.8% | 1.67 | 2.82 |
| Q2 | 108 | 91.7% | 8.3% | 1.86 | 2.95 |
| Q3 | 231 | 94.8% | 5.2% | 1.28 | 2.06 |
| Q4 | 220 | 95.0% | 5.0% | 1.39 | 1.83 |
| Q5 (High) | 186 | 90.3% | 9.7% | 1.56 | 1.94 |
| χ2 p-valueb | 0.154 | ||||
| One-way ANOVA p-valuec | 0.159 | ||||
| Total | 928 | 92.7% | 7.3% | 1.50 | 2.28 |
∼ Suppressed due to cell frequency <10.
a
Based on self-report.
b
χ2 P-values use binary PSA <4 vs. ≥4 ng/mL as the outcome.
c
One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) provided for continuous PSA as the outcome.
d
Other tobacco use includes current regular use of E-cigarettes, cigars, pipes, snuff, chewing tobacco, and hookah.
e
Quintiles of neighborhood-level contextual factors are modeled ordinally.
f
Presented as quintiles for descriptive purposes only. Analyzed continuously.
g
Based on direct measurement