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Pain measurements before and after NFB training. Graphs show pain measurements in both pre- and post-NFB sessions, including the pain threshold (A), pain intensity (B) and unpleasantness (C) ratings to suprahthreshold painful stimuli at hands contralateral or ipsilateral to NFB target site. Bars represent Mean ± SEM; symbols represent individual repeated-measures data (45 participants). n.s.: p > 0.05; *: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001; paired-sample t-test between pre- and post-NFB sessions.
