TABLE 2.
Arterial and cardiac variables during different stages of the experiment.
| Variables | Baseline* | 1h | 2h | 3h | 4ha | Time interaction | Group interaction | Group and time interaction |
| Arterial load variables | ||||||||
| Ea, mmHg/ml⋅10–1 | ||||||||
| SHAM | 0.83 ± 0.18 | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.769 | |
| EDX | 0.67 ± 0.29 | 0.39 ± 0.16 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.021 | ||
| EDX-R | 0.68 ± 0.23 | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.001 | ||
| C, ml/mmHg | ||||||||
| SHAM | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.006 | vs. EDX† | 0.001 |
| EDX | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | vsEDX-R | |
| EDX-R | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | vsSHAM† | |
| Zc, dyn⋅s⋅cm–5⋅103 | ||||||||
| SHAM | 0.81 ± 0.24 | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 0.58 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.20 | 0.013 | vs. EDX† | 0.020 |
| EDX | 0.84 ± 0.13 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.001 | vs. EDX-R | |
| EDX-R | 0.85 ± 0.22 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.001 | vs. SHAM | |
| SVR, dyn⋅s⋅cm–5⋅103 | ||||||||
| SHAM | 10.55 ± 1.98 | 6.52 ± 1.01 | 5.72 ± 0.93 | 4.85 ± 0.33 | 4.87 ± 1.01 | <0.001 | 0.535 | |
| EDX | 8.66 ± 2.18 | 5.25 ± 1.68 | 3.25 ± 0.97 | 2.48 ± 0.19 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | 0.004 | ||
| EDX-R | 9.37 ± 2.52 | 4.52 ± 1.04 | 3.31 ± 0.45 | 2.32 ± 0.35 | 3.42 ± 0.50 | <0.001 | ||
| Cardiac variables | ||||||||
| HR, beats/min | ||||||||
| SHAM | 180 ± 28 | 187 ± 26 | 191 ± 24 | 188 ± 21 | 197 ± 24 | 0.039 | vs. EDX† | <0.001 |
| EDX | 182 ± 20 | 202 ± 22 | 222 ± 29 | 243 ± 39 | 237 ± 39 | 0.014 | vs. EDX-R | |
| EDX-R | 169 ± 17 | 178 ± 15 | 217 ± 40 | 234 ± 41 | 256 ± 18 | 0.004 | vs. SHAM† | |
| Accel, m/s2 | ||||||||
| SHAM | 6.47 ± 0.87 | 6.55 ± 0.47 | 6.58 ± 0.54 | 7.09 ± 0.58 | 7.02 ± 1.07 | 0.303 | 0.057 | |
| EDX | 6.41 ± 0.69 | 6.19 ± 0.84 | 6.81 ± 0.39 | 7.29 ± 1.00 | 6.70 ± 0.77 | 0.107 | ||
| EDX-R | 6.95 ± 0.81 | 6.87 ± 0.92 | 7.51 ± 0.59 | 8.93±.03 | 8.96 ± 1.42 | 0.018 | ||
| PV, ms/s | ||||||||
| SHAM | 92.2 ± 15.6 | 94.1 ± 10.4 | 97.0 ± 11.9 | 103.8 ± 14.3 | 101.6 ± 17.5 | 0.154 | vs. EDX† | <0.001 |
| EDX | 98.3 ± 8.9 | 101.1 ± 17.9 | 115.8 ± 22.3 | 128.5 ± 24.3 | 123.8 ± 26.0 | 0.007 | vs. EDX-R† | |
| EDX-R | 97.8 ± 13.4 | 108.1 ± 17.4 | 123.3 ± 6.9 | 150.5 ± 13.6 | 168 ± 16.5 | <0.001 | vsSHAM† | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Accel, mean acceleration of aortic blood flow; C, net arterial compliance; Ea, effective arterial elastance; HR, heart rate; PV = peak velocity of aortic blood flow; SVR, systemic vascular resistance; Zc, characteristic impedance; SHAM, sham-operated group; EDX, septic group without hemodynamic resuscitation; EDX-R, hemodynamic resuscitated septic group. ∗Baseline values were similar between different experimental groups. aIn the EDX-R group, 4h refers after hemodynamic resuscitation (both fluid bolus and norepinephrine infusion). †p < 0.05 for between-group effects (Tukey-Kramer).