Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects.
| All (n = 9967) | Incident NAFLD (n = 2395) | No incident NAFLD (n = 7572) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.9 ± 10.8 | 47.1 ± 10.1 | 45.6 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, male (%) | 3811 (38.2) | 1321 (55.2) | 2490 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 2.8 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 21.8 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| BMI < 18.5 | 710 (7.1) | 47 (2.0) | 663 (8.8) | |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI < 23 | 5457 (54.8) | 958 (40.0) | 4499 (59.4) | |
| 23 ≤ BMI < 25 | 2182 (21.9) | 662 (27.6) | 1520 (20.1) | |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 1618 (16.2) | 728 (30.4) | 890 (11.8) | |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| Soft lean mass (kg) | 42.0 ± 8.0 | 45.1 ± 8.4 | 41.0 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |
| SMI_Wt | 69.7 ± 5.4 | 68.7 ± 5.5 | 70.0 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
| Sex-specific SMI_Wt tertiles (%) | ||||
| T1 | 3323 (33.3) | 1183 (49.4) | 2140 (28.3) | < 0.001 |
| T2 | 3326 (33.4) | 771 (32.2) | 2555 (33.7) | |
| T3 | 3318 (33.3) | 441 (18.4) | 2877 (38.0) | |
| Fat mass (kg) | 14.9 ± 4.4 | 16.7 ± 4.5 | 14.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 24.6 ± 5.5 | 25.5 ± 5.5 | 24.3 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20 (17–24) | 20 (17–25) | 19 (17–23) | < 0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 16 (12–22) | 19 (15–27) | 15 (12–21) | < 0.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 17 (12–26) | 21 (15–34) | 15 (12–23) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.3 ± 34.3 | 194.1 ± 34.5 | 189.1 ± 34.1 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86 (65–121) | 109 (78–154) | 81 (62–110) | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.3 ± 31.2 | 124.5 ± 31.6 | 117.7 ± 31.0 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.6 ± 13.1 | 52.1 ± 12.2 | 58.0 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 91 (86–97) | 94 (87–100) | 91 (85–97) | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| WBC (103/µL) | 5.52 (4.66–6.57) | 5.97 (5.04–7.11) | 5.40 (4.56–6.41) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.6 | 14.5 ± 1.6 | 13.9 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Platelets (103/µL) | 260.7 ± 58.6 | 267.3 ± 57.7 | 258.5 ± 58.7 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.68–0.94) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 89.6 ± 22.4 | 87.1 ± 21.4 | 90.4 ± 22.7 | < 0.001 |
| HSI | 33.7 ± 3.4 | 34.0 ± 3.2 | 33.5 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| TyG | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1480 (14.8) | 493 (20.6) | 987 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 263 (2.6) | 107 (4.5) | 156 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.8 ± 14.7 | 122.6 ± 14.5 | 117.6 ± 14.6 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.4 ± 9.9 | 76.1 ± 9.6 | 72.6 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol (≥ 1 time/week), N (%) | 3,475 (50.9) | 804 (55.1) | 2,671 (49.7) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, N (%) | 904 (13.3) | 298 (20.5) | 606 (11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Exercise (≥ 1 times/week), N (%) | 4,056 (60.6) | 896 (62.3) | 3,160 (60.1) | 0.137 |
| No. of components of metabolic syndrome, N (%) | ||||
| 0 | 6,150 (61.7) | 1,124 (46.9) | 5,026 (66.4) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 2,696 (27.0) | 785 (32.8) | 1,911 (25.2) | |
| 2 | 899 (9.0) | 377 (15.7) | 522 (6.9) | |
| ≥ 3 | 222 (2.2) | 109 (4.6) | 113 (1.4) | |
Frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, mean ± standard deviations for continuous variables.
NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, BMI body mass index, SMI_Wt weight-adjusted skeletal muscle index, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GGT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, WBC white blood cell, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HSI hepatic steatosis index, TyG triglyceride-glucose index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, T1 lowest tertile, T2 middle tertile, T3 highest tertile.