Table 2.

Reported types and forms of the cells used in microfluidic bioprinting (MF). Studies showing the bioprinting method, material, cell viability, structure and long-term durability (time).

Method	Material	Cell	Form	Viability	Structure	Time	Ref.
Micropipette, extrusion	Agarose	SMCs; fibroblasts	Spheroids	N/A	vessel like	N/A	[129]
MF	Pluronic F-68	Human monocytic U937 cells	single cell	over 80% for up to 4 days	Single mammalian cells	4 days	[232]
MF	Agarose	R1 and YC5–YFP–NEO murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs)	Microbeads (microgels)	79.6 + 2.5% and 80.0+1.6% (for R1 and YC5–YFP–NEO mES cells, respectively) at immediately after transfer to the buffer	Microbeads (microgels)	N/A	[297]
MF	Alginate	Hepatocytes; fibroblasts	microorganoids	~80% over 30 d	Cord-like micro-organoid	90 days	[188]
MF	fibrinogen in hyaluronic acid (HA)	Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)	single cell microbeads	70% after 24hs	Microniches	4 weeks	[298]
Concurrent printing (extrusion + spheroid deposition)	alginate	Cartilage progenitor cells (CPCs)	Spheroids and filament	43.92±0.04% for filaments and 60.15±0.05% for spheroids at day 1; 76.06±0.04% for filaments and 79.99±0.06% for spheroids at day 4; 87.23±0.03% for filaments and 92.87±0.02% for spheroids at day 7	3D structure of filaments with cell spheroids deposited in between	2 weeks	[185]
MF	Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)	Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)	microspheres	>60% for 7 days	microspheres	Cell differentiation was studied for 28 days	[299]
MF	Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)	L929 mouse fibroblast cells; human embryonic kidney cells (HEK‐293); breast cancer cells (MCF‐7)	microstructures	higher than 80% after 3 days	Different microstructure shapes	3 days	[300]
MF + microextrusion	Fibrinogen, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA	Multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); bovine chondrocytes; endothelial cells	single cells (microgels)	more than 70%	Three-dimensional modular constructs	1 week	[186]