Table 3.
The role of Tripterygium ingredients on macrophages.
| Subtype | Component | Models | Molecular mechanism | Effects | Animal disease phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1, M2 macrophages | Cel | Healthy mice | NA | Inhibit abdominal macrophages to M1 polarization. Promote M2 macrophages polarization | Alleviate | (Liu, 2018) |
| M1, M2 macrophages | TP | PBMCs, isolated from healthy people, cultured in different pH RPMI-1640 | NA | Decrease M1 macrophages level and promote M2 macrophages level | NA | (Feng, 2015) |
| CD68+ CD168+ synovial macrophage | Cel | AIA rats | NA | Inhibit the infiltration and proliferation of CD68+ CD168+ synovial macrophages in the synovial membrane | Alleviate | (Cascão et al., 2015a) |
| OCP | TP | TNF transgenic mice | NA | Promote the apoptosis of OCP. Inhibit OC proliferation, bone resorption and pro- inflammatory cytokines levels secreted by macrophages | Alleviate | (Wang et al., 2018) |
| BMDMs | Cel | LPS-induced BMDMs. | Inhibit TLR4 activation via prohibiting the binding of LPS to the TLR4/MD2 complex | Inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and TLR4 activation in macrophages | NA | (Lee et al., 2015) |
| Macrophage | Cel | E. coli stimulated THP-1 macrophage-like cell line and AIA Wistar rats | Inhibiting activation of NF-κB and caspase-1 | Inhibit the release of IL-1β and TNF from macrophages, reducing joint the infiltration and proliferation of TH17 cells | Alleviate | (Cascão et al., 2012) |
| Macrophage | TP | RAW 264.7 and U937 macrophage-like cell lines | Induce the degradation of Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-3 | Promote macrophages apoptosis | NA | (Bao et al., 2007) |
| Macrophage | Cel | CIA DBA/1J mice and RANKL induced RAW264.7 cells | Decrease serum TRAP 5b and the expression of osteoclastic genes (Trap, Ctsk, Ctr, MMP-9) and transcriptional factors (c-Fos, c-Jun and NFATc1); Inhibit NF-κB and MAPK | Decrease the infiltration of osteoclast cells in joints. Decrease serum TRAP 5b and the expression of osteoclastic genes and transcriptional factors | Alleviate | (Gan et al., 2015) |
| Macrophage | Tripterygium glycosides | CFA-induced arthritis rat and LPS-induced RAW264.7 | NA | Ameliorate in paw swelling perimeter, arthritics score, and body weight loss. Reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) secreted by macrophages | Alleviate | (Tong et al., 2018) |
| Macrophage | Tripterygium glycosides | LPS-induced RAW264.7 | down-regulate the expression of TLR4and NF-κB p65 | Decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β secreted by macrophages | NA | (Ping et al., 2015) |
| Macrophage | TP | LPS induced J774A.1 macrophage and IL-1α induced human synovial fibroblasts | Inhibit COX-2 in macrophages and pro-MMPs 1 and 3 in synovial fibroblasts. Up-regulate TIMPs 1 and 2 levels in synovial fibroblasts | Decrease PGE2 via inhibiting COX-2. Inhibit pro-MMPs and Up-regulate TIMPs | NA | (Lin et al., 2001) |
| Macrophage | Tripterygium wilfordii extraction | LPS-induced RAW264.7 | NA | Reduce the production of NO and iNOS mRNA in macrophages | NA | (Chen et al., 2018) |
| Macrophage | TP and TwHf ethyl acetate extraction | Peritoneal macrophages isolated from AIA C57BL/6J mice | Inhibit NO production and iNOS mRNA expression in macrophages. Inhibit the promoter activity of iNOS gene to regulate its transcript factor (Oct-1) activity | Inhibit the production of NO, iNOS, and the activity of Oct-1 | Alleviate | (Wang et al., 2004) |
| Macrophage | Cel | RAW264.7 | Decrease the expression of cleaved-caspase-1 and inhibit caspase-1 enzyme activity | Ameliorate cell pyroptosis | NA | (Xin et al., 2018) |
TP, Triptolide; Cel, Celastrol; OC, Osteoclasts; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; NF-κB, Nuclear factor activated B cell kappa light chain enhancer; Caspase, Aspartic acid protease containing cysteine; NO, Nitric oxide; OCP, Osteoclast progenitor cells; MD2, Medullary differentiation factor2; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2: Cox, Cyclooxygenase; TIMPs, Metalloproteinases; proMMP, pro-matrix metalloproteinase; TRAP, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; BMDMs, Bone marrow-derived primary macrophages.