Table 5.
The function of Tripterygium ingredients on OC.
| Component | Models | Molecular mechanism | Effects | Animal disease phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cel | CIA mice | Reduce RANKL levels | Inhibiting OC differentiation | Alleviate | (Wang, 2015) |
| TP | CIA mice | Regulating the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway | Inhibiting OC differentiation | Alleviate | (Liu et al., 2013) |
| Cel | AIA Lewis rats and RANKL induced RAW264.7 | Decrease RANKL levels and regulate RANKL/OPG ratio | Reduce OC proliferation. Ameliorate bone destruction. Decrease levels of upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-6) and downstream effectors (i.e., MMP-9) | Alleviate | (Nanjundaiah et al., 2012) |
| Cel | IL-1β stimulated MH7A | Decrease RANKL levels and increase OPG levels | Inhibit OC differentiation and activation | NA | (Feng et al., 2013) |
| Cel | RANKL induced RAW264.7 and CIA mice | Inhibit the protein phosphorylation of RANK downstream signalings, such as NF-κB p65, MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38) and the expression of the relevant transcription factors (i.e., c-Fos, c-Jun, and NFATcl) | Inhibit OC differentiation and bone resorption | Alleviate | (Gan, 2013) |
| Cel | RANKL induced RAW264.7 | NA | Inhibit OC differentiation and chemokine CCl4 | NA | (Qian et al., 2015) |
| TP | C57BL/6 mice bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by RANKL, M-CSF, and HMGB1 | Reduce the expression of RAGE mRNA to inhibit HMGB1 | Inhibit OC differentiation | NA | (Wang et al., 2017) |
| TP | Co-cultures system of Tregs and BMMs | NA | Increase the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secreted by Treg to inhibit OC differentiation and bone resorption | NA | (Xu, 2016; Xu et al., 2016) |
| TP | TNF-Tg mice and spleen cells isolated and induced to differentiate into OCs by M-CSF | Down-regulate the cIAP2 | Promote OCP apoptosis and OC reduction | NA | (Wang S. et al., 2019) |
| TP | TNF-Tg mice | NA | Promote apoptosis rates of OCP and OC. Prohibit the bone erosion | Alleviate | (Wang et al., 2018) |
TP, Triptolide; Cel, Celastrol; RANKL, Nuclear factor kappa B ligand receptor activator; RANK, Nuclear factor receptor activator; OPG, Osteoprotegerin; NF-kappa B, Nuclear factor activated B cell κ light chain enhancer; MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase; ERK, Extracellular regulatory protein kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; NFATcl, Osteoclast activated T nuclear factor 1; CCl4, C-C motif chemokine ligand 4; HMGB1, High mobility group protein B1; RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation end products; OC, Osteoclasts.