Table 1.
Clinical features of patients with COVID-19
| All patients (n = 40) | Mild group (n = 19) | Severe group (n = 21) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographic and epidemiologic characteristics | ||||
| Gender |
- |
- |
- |
0.796 |
| -Female |
16 (40.0%) |
8 (42.1%) |
8 (38.1%) |
- |
| -Male |
24 (60.0%) |
11 (57.9%) |
13 (61.9%) |
- |
| Age, years |
51.0 (42.0-66.8) |
43.0 (36.0-64.0) |
63.0 (48.5-70.0) |
0.008 |
| <60 |
23 (57.5%) |
14 (73.7%) |
9 (42.9%) |
0.049 |
| ≥60 |
17 (42.5%) |
5 (26.3%) |
12 (57.1%) |
|
| Exposure history |
31 (77.5%) |
15 (78.9%) |
16 (76.2%) |
1.000 |
| Smoking history |
11 (27.5%) |
3 (15.8%) |
8 (38.1%) |
0.115 |
| Comorbidities |
18 (45.0%) |
4 (21.1%) |
14 (66.7%) |
0.004 |
| Hypertension |
13 (32.5%) |
3 (15.8%) |
10 (47.6%) |
0.032 |
| Diabetes |
6 (15.0%) |
2 (10.5%) |
4 (19.0%) |
0.664 |
| Coronary heart disease |
2 (5.0%) |
1 (5.3%) |
1 (4.8%) |
1.000 |
| COPD |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| Anemia |
1 (2.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (4.8%) |
1.000 |
| Cerebral infarction |
3 (7.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (14.3%) |
0.233 |
| Carcinoma |
1 (2.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (4.8%) |
1.000 |
| Length of incubation, days |
5.5 (3.0-10.0) |
6.0 (3.0-10.0) |
5.0 (2.5-10.0) |
0.653 |
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days |
4.5 (2.0-7.0) |
4.0 (2.0-7.0) |
5.0 (1.5-8.0) |
0.397 |
| Length of hospitalization, days |
26.5 (16.5 − 37.5) |
17.0 (12.0 − 27.0) |
37.0 (26.0 − 42.0) |
<0.001 |
| Time from illness onset to discharge or death, days |
30.0 (23.5 − 43.5) |
24.0 (17.0 − 28.0) |
41.0 (30.0 − 49.5) |
<0.001 |
| Time from illness onset to the first time SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive, days |
4.0 (1.5 − 6.5) |
3.0 (2.0 − 8.0) |
4.0 (1.0-6.5) |
0.794 |
| Time from illness onset to viral clearance, days |
15.5 (9.5-26.5) |
12.0 (7.0-17.0) |
21.0 (13.0-41.0) |
0.005 |
|
Symptoms and signs | ||||
| Fever |
37 (92.5%) |
16 (84.2%) |
21 (100.0%) |
0.098 |
| Fatigue |
28 (70.0%) |
10 (52.6%) |
18 (85.7%) |
0.023 |
| Cough |
26 (65.0%) |
9 (47.4%) |
17 (81.0%) |
0.026 |
| Pharyngalgia |
2 (5.0%) |
2 (10.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0.219 |
| Expectoration |
4 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
4 (19.0%) |
0.108 |
| Polypnea |
21 (52.5%) |
5 (26.3%) |
16 (76.2%) |
0.002 |
| Diarrhoea |
3 (7.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (14.3%) |
0.233 |
| Nausea or vomiting |
7 (17.5%) |
3 (15.8%) |
4 (19.0%) |
1.000 |
| Duration of fever, days |
7.5 (3.0-12.0) |
4.0 (1.0-9.0) |
10.0 (6.0-13.5) |
0.008 |
| Duration of respiratory symptoms, days |
11.5 (1.0-33.0) |
5.0 (0.5-12.0) |
26.0 (9.0-46.5) |
0.001 |
| Highest axillary temperature, °C |
38.2 (37.8-38.9) |
37.9 (37.5-38.6) |
38.5 (38.0-39.1) |
0.052 |
| Pulse >120 beats per min |
9 (22.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
9 (42.9%) |
0.001 |
| Respiratory rate >24 breaths per min |
19 (47.5%) |
2 (10.5%) |
17 (81.0%) |
<0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg |
3 (7.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (14.3%) |
0.233 |
| Oxygen saturation <94% |
19 (47.5%) |
1 (5.3%) |
18 (85.7%) |
<0.001 |
|
Imaging features* | ||||
| Imaging anomaly |
38 (95.0%) |
17 (89.5%) |
21 (100.0%) |
0.219 |
| Extent of imaging infiltration |
- |
- |
- |
0.086 |
| No imaging infiltration |
2 (5.0%) |
2 (10.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
- |
| Unilateral |
2 (5.0%) |
2 (10.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
- |
| Bilateral |
36 (90.0%) |
15 (78.9%) |
21 (100.0%) |
- |
|
Laboratory findings† | ||||
| White blood cell count, ×109/L |
5.54 (3.63-8.16) |
4.96 (3.79-6.28) |
5.81 (3.40-9.90) |
0.171 |
| <4 |
12 (30.0%) |
6 (31.6%) |
6 (28.6%) |
0.070 |
| 4-10 |
23 (57.5%) |
13 (68.4%) |
10 (47.6%) |
|
| >10 |
5 (12.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
5 (23.8%) |
|
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L |
0.76 (0.45-1.34) |
1.27 (0.74-1.90) |
0.47 (0.37-0.82) |
<0.001 |
| <0.8 |
21 (52.5%) |
5 (26.3%) |
16 (76.2%) |
0.002 |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L |
3.90 (2.68-5.63) |
3.06 (2.37-4.34) |
5.13 (2.87-9.12) |
0.024 |
| <2.5 |
10 (25.0%) |
5 (26.3%) |
5 (23.8%) |
0.144 |
| 2.5-7.5 |
23 (57.5%) |
13 (68.4%) |
10 (47.6%) |
|
| >7.5 |
7 (17.5%) |
1 (5.3%) |
6 (28.6%) |
|
| Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio |
4.54 (2.61-11.09) |
2.94 (1.70-4.94) |
8.64 (4.21-20.85) |
<0.001 |
| Platelet count, ×109/L |
213.00 (171.50 − 261.25) |
210.00 (173.00 − 272.00) |
216.00 (170.00 − 245.00) |
0.441 |
| <100 |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L |
135.00 (127.75 − 140.75) |
138.00 (133.00 − 141.00) |
133.00 (116.00 − 139.00) |
0.324 |
| <120 |
3 (7.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (14.3%) |
0.233 |
| Albumin, g/L |
38.45 (34.83 − 42.53) |
42.00 (38.70-44.10) |
35.80 (32.35-38.65) |
<0.001 |
| <35 |
11 (27.5%) |
1 (5.3%) |
10 (47.6%) |
0.003 |
| Globulin, g/L |
33.15 (30.03-36.15) |
31.90 (29.20-34.90) |
33.80 (30.20-37.80) |
0.119 |
| >32 |
22 (55.0%) |
8 (42.1%) |
14 (66.7%) |
0.119 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L |
38.00 (29.25-62.00) |
32.00 (28.00-39.00) |
57.00 (35.50-69.50) |
0.018 |
| >40 |
18 (45.0%) |
4 (21.1%) |
14 (66.7%) |
0.004 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L |
35.50 (29.00-54.75) |
33.00 (24.00-40.00) |
50.00 (33.50-70.50) |
0.013 |
| >40 |
17 (42.5%) |
4 (21.1%) |
13 (61.9%) |
0.009 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L |
15.35 (12.04-19.05) |
13.60 (11.95-17.10) |
17.10 (11.99-24.10) |
0.176 |
| >17.1 |
13 (32.5%) |
3 (15.8%) |
10 (47.6%) |
0.032 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L |
5.47 (3.95-6.15) |
4.80 (3.45-5.20) |
6.00 (4.85-7.30) |
0.094 |
| >7.5 |
4 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
4 (19.0%) |
0.108 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L |
61.00 (48.98-84.85) |
58.20 (48.40-77.50) |
75.50 (50.35-88.35) |
0.379 |
| >104 |
1 (2.5%) |
1 (5.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0.475 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L |
12.14 (4.20-32.20) |
7.14 (3.20-24.51) |
21.12 (8.40-55.71) |
0.031 |
| >5 |
28 (70.0%) |
11 (57.9%) |
17 (81.0%) |
0.112 |
|
Treatments | ||||
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy |
25 (62.5%) |
8 (42.1%) |
17 (81.0%) |
0.011 |
| Mechanical ventilation |
13 (32.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
13 (61.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| Antiviral treatment‡ |
39 (97.5%) |
19 (100.0%) |
20 (95.2%) |
1.000 |
| Duration of antiviral treatment, days |
7.5 (4.0-10.0) |
4.0 (3.0-10.0) |
9.0 (7.0-10.0) |
0.047 |
| Antibiotics |
38 (95.0%) |
17 (89.5%) |
21 (100.0%) |
0.219 |
| Corticosteroids |
33 (82.5%) |
14 (73.7%) |
19 (90.5%) |
0.226 |
| Immunomodulator§ |
30 (75.0%) |
11 (57.9%) |
19 (90.5%) |
0.028 |
| Intravenous albumin infusion |
8 (20.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
8 (38.1%) |
0.004 |
| Interferon alpha inhalation |
35 (87.5%) |
14 (73.7%) |
21 (100.0%) |
0.018 |
| Traditional Chinese medicine |
25 (62.5%) |
11 (57.9%) |
14 (66.7%) |
0.567 |
|
Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Complications |
15 (37.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
15 (71.4%) |
<0.001 |
| ARDS |
9 (22.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
9 (42.9%) |
0.001 |
| Respiratory failure |
13 (32.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
13 (61.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Secondary infection |
8 (20.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
8 (38.1%) |
0.004 |
| Septic Shock |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| Acute cardiac injury or heart failure |
4 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
4 (19.0%) |
0.108 |
| Coagulopathy |
4 (10.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
4 (19.0%) |
0.108 |
| Acute kidney injury |
3 (7.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
3 (14.3%) |
0.233 |
| MODS |
2 (5.0%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (9.5%) |
0.488 |
| ICU admission |
9 (22.5%) |
0 (0.0%) |
9 (42.9%) |
0.001 |
| Death | 2 (5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.488 |
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome, MODS - multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
*Imaging features: including chest x-ray and computed tomography scan.
†All laboratory indexes were the initial values on admission.
‡Antiviral treatment: including Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Arbidol.
§Immunomodulator: including thymosin and gamma globulin.