Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Country | Cases (n) | Age (years) | Male, n (%) | Study design | Cutoff value | Outcomes | Adjusted effect estimate (95% CI) | Confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cummings MJ (PMID: 32442528) | USA | 257 | 62 (51, 72) | 171 (67) | P | Per decile increase | Death | HR 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | Age, gender, symptom duration before hospital presentation, hypertension, chronic cardiac disease, COPD or interstitial lung disease, diabetes, D-dimer |
| Liu X (PMID: 32475880) | China | 88 | 60.45 ± 11.51 | 51 (58) | P | 7 pg/ml | Severe | OR 1.31 (1.032, 1.687) | Lymphocyte count, LDH level, erythrocyte count, albumin level, A/G ratio, blood glucose level |
| Phipps MM (PMID: 32473607) | USA | 3381 | 65 (52, 76) | 1297 (57) | R | NR | Death | OR 1.45 (1.1, 1.93) | Age, gender, BMI, peak ferritin, peak D-dimer, peak CRP, peak PCT, peak creatinine kinase, peak high sensitivity troponin |
| Del Valle DM (PMID: 32511562) | USA | 1268 | 63 (53, 72) | 787 (60.1) | P | 70 pg/ml | Death | HR 2.06 (1.33, 3.18) | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, TNF-a, IL-8, IL-1b, CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, diabetes, hypertension, CKD, asthma, CHF, COPD, sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation, cancer, severity scores |
| Tian J (PMID: 32479790) | China | 232 | 64 (58, 69) | 119 (51) | R | NR | Severe | OR 1.03 (1, 1.05) | Age, ECOG performance status, tumor stage, antitumor treatments, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2R, procalcitonin, CRP, lymphocytes, leukocyte count, neutrophils, monocytes, LDH, albumin, A/G ratio, NT-proBNP, myoglobin, hs-cTnI, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, D-dimer |
| Wang F (PMID: 32620125) | China | 323 | 46 (33, 59) | 154 (47.7) | P | 7 pg/ml | Progressive | OR 1.03 (1, 1.05) | NLR, T lymphocyte, CRP, IL-6, ESR |
| Liu J (PMID: 32622796) | China | 107 | 68 (61, 76) | 52 (49) | R | 10 pg/ml | Poor outcomes | OR 7.228 (2.222, 23.514) | Age, calcium, CRP, PCT, IL-6, D-dimer |
| ICU admission | HR 1.617 (1.094, 2.389) | ||||||||
| Sardu C (PMID: 32633594) | Italy | 62 | 58 ± 18 | 41 (66.1) | P | NR | ICU admission | HR 1.617 (1.094, 2.389) | Demographic variables that were significantly different amongst the groups and values of left ventricle ejection fraction |
| Mechanical ventilation | HR 1.149 (1.082, 1.219) | ||||||||
| Cardiac injury | HR 1.367 (1.054, 1.772) | ||||||||
| Death | HR 4.742 (1.788, 8.524) | ||||||||
| Ayanian S (PMID: 32677844) | USA | 299 | NR | 161 (54) | R | 50 pg/ml | ICU admission | OR 5.9 (2.7, 13.1) | D-dimer, ferritin, CRP, LDH |
| Intubation | OR 4.6 (1.7, 12.4) | ||||||||
| Death | OR 5.4 (2.4, 11.8) | ||||||||
| Li T (PMID: 32688107) | China | 312 | 69.2 ± 7.3 | 187 (59.9) | R | NR | Severe | OR 4.32 (2.07, 7.13) | Age, SOFA score, APACHE II score, platelet count, D-dimer, creatinine, lung consolidation |
| Liu D (PMID: 32696591) | China | 115 | 62.0 (51.0, 70.0) | 115 (100) | R | 14 pg/ml | Fatal outcome | OR 5.21 (2.65, 10.27) | Hypertension, age, WBC count, lymphocyte count, D-dimer, procalcitonin, CRP |
| 120 | 0 (0) | OR 12.89 (4.71, 35.3) | IL-2R, IL-8, WBC count, lymphocyte count, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I | ||||||
| Liu SP (PMID: 32712122) | China | 255 | 64 (24, 92) | 136 (53.3) | P | NR | ICU admission | OR 1.01 (1.002, 1.018) | Diabetes, high FPG at admission, high IL-6, D-dimer |
| Song Y (PMID: 32733921) | China | 64 | 64.8 ± 12.2 | 42 (65.6) | R | 703.9 pg/ml | Myocardial injury | OR 13.63 (3.33, 55.71) | hs-CRP, IL-2R, IL-8, TNF-α |
| Bellmann-Weiler (PMID: 32751400) | USA | 259 | NR | 156 (60.6) | R | NR | ICU admission | OR 1.961 (1.088, 3.535) | Gender, temperature, SpO2, DM, COPD, ferritin, transferrin, leukocytes |
| Yan Q (PMID: 32766817) | China | 882 | 71 (68, 77) | 440 (49.9) | R | 6 pg/l | Death | HR 25.53 (3.5, 186.04) | Age, gender, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disease, CKD, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, malignancy, lymphocytes, D-dimer, LDH, cardiac injury, liver injury, AKI |
| Liu Z (PMID: 32765283) | China | 728 | 58 (49, 68) | 342 (46.98) | R | 7 pg/ml | Death | HR 10.39 (1.09, 99.23) | Age, cardiovascular disease, lymphocyte count, D-dimer, LDH |
| Severe | OR 3.56 (2.06, 6.19) | Age, cardiovascular disease, lymphocyte count, D-dimer, LDH |
The values of age are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR). The values of male are n (%). P prospective study, R retrospective study, CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit, HR hazard ratio, OR odds ratio, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, A/G ratio albumin-globulin ratio, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IL interleukin, CKD chronic kidney disease, CHF congestive heart failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, IL-2R IL-2 receptor, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, hs-cTnI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, APACHE acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation, WBC white blood cell, FPG fasting plasma glucose, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, DM diabetes mellitus, AKI acute kidney injury, SpO2 peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, NR not reported.