Table 2.

The overall developed detection techniques for COVID-19.

S. No	Technique	Design	Accuracy	Response time
1.	rRT-PCR	E and N genes of SARS-CoV-2 with human ABL1 gene	21 copies/reaction	NA
2.	RT-PCR	N genes of SARS-CoV-2	3.8–23 copies/mL	NA
3.	RT-PCR	T7 transcription	200 copies/mL or 10 copies/reaction	NA
4.	RT-LAMP	Leuco crystal violet method	100 copies/reaction	NA
5.	RT-LAMP	Expression of sub-genomic mRNA	102 RNA copies	30 min
6.	CRISPR	Viral nucleic acid detection via fluorescence and colorimetric assay	NA	<1 h
7.	CRISPR-Cas12	Isothermal amplification	10 copies/μL	30–40 min
8.	CRISPR-FDS	CRISPR Cas 12a/gRNA complex	2 copies/sample	<50 min
9.	ELISA	Rp3 nucleocapsid protein	81–100%	NA
10.	Euroimmun ELISA	S1 domain of spike protein	90.5%	NA
11.	LFIA	IgG/IgM antibodies	97.1–100%	15 min
12.	ELISA LFIA	Spike protein with IgG antibodies	98%	NA
13.	Colorimetry	Gold Nanoparticles capped with antisense oligonucleotides specific to Nucleocapsid protein	0.18 ng/μL	10 min
14.	Colorimetry	Gold Nanoislands (i) Spike protein (ii) Clinical transport medium (iii) Culture medium	1 fg/mL 100 fg/mL 1.6 ∗ 101 pfu/mL	NA
15.	RT-LAMP	F1ab-RT-LAMP and Np-RT-LAMP labeled with biotin and streptavidin conjugated nanoparticles	NA	NA
16.	Gr-FET	CSAb/ACE2 bindining to the graphene surface spiked with S protein	0.2 pM	NA
17.	Bioelectric Recognition Assay	Engineered Vero cells of mammalian spiked with S1 antibody	1 fg/mL	3 min
18.	LFIA	AuNPs with IgM/IgG antibodies	88.6%	<15 min
19.	C2CA	Magnetic Nanoparticles assembled to the RdRp gene	0.4 fM	100 min
20.	RT-PCR	Nasopharyngeal samples	19%	NA
21.	rRT-PCR	Fecal samples	35%	>50 d
22.	rRT-PCR	Fecal samples	33.7%	NA
23.	Aptamer	Spike glycoprotein with CoV2-RBD-1C and CoV2-RBD-4C	5.8 nM and 19.9 nM	NA
24.	CT images	Pulmonary lesions	80%	NA