Table 2.
Hazard Ratios With 95% CIs for Cox Regression Model
| Variable | Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Limits) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment groupsa | . . . | . . . |
| Standard of care | Reference | . . . |
| Steroids only | 0.66 (0.57-0.76) | < .0001 |
| Steroids plus tocilizumab | 0.44 (0.35-0.55) | < .0001 |
| Steroids plus anakinra | 0.68 (0.57-0.81) | < .0001 |
| Tocilizumab only | 0.79 (0.47-1.32) | 0.36 |
| Anakinra only | 0.79 (0.44-1.42) | 0.43 |
| Demographics | . . . | . . . |
| Age | 1.03 (1.02-1.04) | < .0001 |
| Sex | . . . | . . . |
| Female | Reference | . . . |
| Male | 1.13 (0.99-1.29) | .07 |
| Race | . . . | . . . |
| White | Reference | . . . |
| Asian | 0.94 (0.78-1.14) | .53 |
| Black | 0.80 (0.68-0.95) | .01 |
| Other/multiracial | 0.84 (0.70-1.02) | .08 |
| Unknown | 0.91 (0.64-1.30) | .61 |
| Ethnicity | . . . | . . . |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | Reference | . . . |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1.02 (0.83-1.24) | .88 |
| Other/unknown | 0.84 (0.61-1.17) | .30 |
| Insurance | . . . | . . . |
| Commercial | Reference | . . . |
| Medicaid | 1.25 (1.01-1.56) | .04 |
| Medicare | 1.13 (0.94-1.35) | .20 |
| Other | 0.91 (0.49-1.70) | .76 |
| Self-pay | 2.28 (1.45-3.56) | .0003 |
| Smoking status | . . . | . . . |
| Never | Reference | . . . |
| Active | 1.43 (0.94-2.21) | .11 |
| Former | 0.93 (0.78-1.11) | .42 |
| Smoker (unknown active/former) | 1.42 (1.09-1.83) | .01 |
| Unknown | 3.02 (2.58-3.56) | < .0001 |
| Disease severity indexes | . . . | . . . |
| Mechanical ventilation | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.49 (1.18-1.87) | .0007 |
| On vasopressors | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 0.97 (0.74-1.27) | .83 |
| Laboratory parameters | . . . | . . . |
| Eosinophils, K/uL | . . . | . . . |
| 0-0.5 | Reference | . . . |
| > 0.5 | 1.16 (0.29-4.61) | .84 |
| Platelets, K/uL | . . . | . . . |
| 150-500 | Reference | . . . |
| < 150 | 1.20 (1.05-1.37) | .01 |
| > 500 | 1.10 (0.66-1.84) | .71 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | . . . | . . . |
| 11.5-15.5 | Reference | . . . |
| < 11.5 | 1.01 (0.88-1.17) | .90 |
| > 15.5 | 1.05 (0.84-1.31) | .64 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | . . . | . . . |
| 60-120 | Reference | . . . |
| < 15 | 2.30 (1.83-2.89) | < .0001 |
| 15-60 | 1.74 (1.50-2.01) | < .0001 |
| > 120 | 1.09 (0.59-2.00) | .79 |
| AST, U/L | . . . | . . . |
| 0-40 | Reference | . . . |
| > 40 | 1.35 (1.15-1.58) | .0002 |
| > 200 | 1.58 (1.13-2.21) | .01 |
| ALT, U/L | . . . | . . . |
| 0-40 | Reference | . . . |
| > 40 | 0.84 (0.72-0.97) | .02 |
| > 200 | 1.07 (0.71-1.62) | .76 |
| Sodium, mM | . . . | . . . |
| 135-145 | Reference | . . . |
| < 135 | 1.20 (0.96-1.26) | .19 |
| > 145 | 1.24 (1.03-1.50) | .03 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | . . . | . . . |
| 30-400 | Reference | . . . |
| < 30 | 2.26 (0.27-18.92) | .45 |
| > 400 | 1.04 (0.84-1.30) | .73 |
| > 2000 | 1.21 (0.94-1.56) | .14 |
| CRP, mg/dL | . . . | . . . |
| 0-0.5 | Reference | . . . |
| > 0.5 | 3.12 (0.34-28.33) | .31 |
| > 2.5 | 4.11 (0.47-35.70) | .20 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL DDU | . . . | . . . |
| 0-230 | Reference | . . . |
| > 230 | 1.34 (1.03-1.75) | .03 |
| > 1150 | 1.67 (1.24-2.26) | .0008 |
| LDH, U/L | . . . | . . . |
| <242 | Reference | . . . |
| ≥ 242 | 1.59 (0.96-2.63) | .07 |
| NLR | . . . | . . . |
| 0.75-4 | Reference | . . . |
| < 0.75 | 2.10 (1.17-3.77) | .01 |
| > 4 | 1.22 (1.03-1.46) | .03 |
| > 20 | 1.17 (0.92-1.49) | .20 |
| Hospital status | . . . | . . . |
| Community | Reference | . . . |
| Tertiary | 0.64 (0.56-0.73) | < .0001 |
| Comorbidities | . . . | . . . |
| Charlson comorbidity index | . . . | . . . |
| 0 | Reference | . . . |
| 1-2 | 1.00 (0.62-1.63) | 1.00 |
| 3-4 | 1.11 (0.68-1.82) | .69 |
| ≥ 5 | 1.42 (0.84-2.40) | .19 |
| Asthma | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.35 (1.01-1.79) | .04 |
| COPD | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.23 (0.95-1.59) | .12 |
| Chronic liver disorder | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.46-1.95) | .89 |
| DM | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.02 (0.89-1.17) | .79 |
| HTN | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 0.83 (0.73-0.94) | .0045 |
| ILD | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 2.17 (1.76-2.69) | < .0001 |
| Autoimmune disorder | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.21 (0.74-1.98) | .44 |
| Cardiovascular disease | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.13 (0.96-1.33) | .13 |
| CKD | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) | .21 |
| Cancer | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 1.20 (0.96-1.50) | .10 |
| Hemodialysis | . . . | . . . |
| No | Reference | . . . |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.58-1.69) | .96 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | . . . | . . . |
| 18.5-24.9 | Reference | . . . |
| < 18.5 | 1.15 (0.93-1.44) | .20 |
| 25-29.9 | 0.98 (0.83-1.42) | .77 |
| ≥ 30 | 1.07 (0.90-1.27) | .46 |
Results of the multivariate model of in-hospital mortality for coronavirus disease 2019 patients meeting inclusion criteria with coronavirus disease 2019 cytokine storm. Hazard ratios for treatment groups represent adjustment for covariates in the model, comparing with standard of care treatment as reference. Treatment group hazard ratios are not adjusted for multiple comparisons between treatment groups. Refer to Figure 3 (and e-Table 2) for treatment differences using Tukey’s adjustment for multiple comparisons between treatment groups. P values < .05, shown in bold, were considered statistically significant. ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CRP = C-reactive protein; DDU = D-dimer unit; DM = diabetes mellitus; eGFR = estimate glomerular filtration rate; HTN = hypertension; ILD = interstitial lung disease; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; NLR = neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. aCox regression analysis was performed to identify covariables that were associated with increased mortality in our population.