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Fluorescence spectra of A2E (a), BSA (b), and tryptophan derivatives: N′-formylkynurenine (c) and kynurenine (d) in PB-D2O, recorded before (black lines) and after photooxidation mediated by A2E at selected time intervals. The excitation wavelengths are given in the top left-hand corners. Emission spectra of tryptophan and its derivatives before the addition of A2E to the BSA sample are marked as black dotted lines
