Table 2.
Clinical findings
| Hajj-Ali et al., 2002 [1] | Volcy et al., 2004 [5] | McLaren et al., 2005 [6] | Kuker et al., 2008 [7] | Molloy et al., 2008 [8] | Lee et al., 2009 [9] | Pizzanelli et al., 2011 [10] | Kreamer et al., 2011 [11] | Neel et al., 2012 [12] | Pfefferkorn et al., 2012 [13] | Pourmahmoodian et al., 2012 [14] | Coronel-Restrepo et al., 2013 [15] | Cosottini et al., 2014 [16] | Geri et al., 2014 [17] | Oon et al., 2014 [18] | Vera-Lastra et al., 2014 [19] | Salvarani et al., 2015 [20] | Singhal et al., 2016 [21] | Becker et al., 2017 [22] | De Boysson et al., 2017 [23] | Niu et al., 2017 [25] | Schuster et al., 2017 [26] | Peng et al., 2017 [27] | Harsha et al., 2017 [28] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 16) | (n = 5) | (n = 12) | (n = 16) | (n = 38) | (n = 4) | (n = 8) | (n = 21) | (n = 8) | (n = 4) | (n = 3) | (n = 3) | (n = 8) | (n = 18) | (n = 12) | (n = 12) | (n = 163) | (n = 47) | (n = 25) | (n = 102) | (n = 19) | (n = 31) | (n = 5) | (n = 5) | |
| Headache | 88% (14) | 80% (4) | 33.3% (4) | ND | 74% (28) | ND | 75% (6) | 42.9% (9) | 37% (3) | 100% (4) | 33.3% (1) | 66.7% (2) | 62.5% (5) | 22.2% (4) | 91.66% (11) | 66% (8) | 59.5% (97) | 49% (23) | 36% (9) | 51% (52) | 73.7% (14) | 64.5% (20) | 40% (2) | ND |
| Cognitive impairment | 44% (7) | ND | 8.3% (1) | ND | ND | ND | ND | 38.1% (8) | ND | ND | Confusion 33% (1) | 66.7% (2) | Acute confusional state 12.5% (1) | 22.2% (4) | 41.66% (5) | 50% (6) | 54% (88) | ND | 28% (7) | 42% (43) | 31.6% (6) | 35.5% (11) | ND | ND |
| Stroke/TIA | 43% (7) | ND | ND | Stroke 81.2% (13), TIA 18.7% (3) | ND | ND | ND | 47.6% (10) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Persistent neurologic deficit or stroke 40.5% (66) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Focal neurological deficits | 63% [10] | ≥ 80% [4] | ≥ 33.3% [4] | ND | 64% [24] | 75% [3] | 100% [8] | ≥ 61.9% [13] | 100% [8] | ≥ 75% [3] | 100% [3] | 100% [3] | 62.5% [5] | ≥ 44.4% [8] | 50% [6] | 83% [10] | 40.5% (66) | 60% [28] | ≥ 52% [13] | 79% (81) | ≥47.4% [9] | 83.9% [26] | 100% [5] | ND |
| Visual disturbance (diplopia) 14% [2]; ataxia 14% [2]; speech abnormalities 7% [1] | Motor paresis 80% [4], aphasia 20% [1] | Motor paresis 33.3% [4], aphasia 25% [3], cerebellar signs 16% [2], lateral medullary syndrome 8.3% [1], Anton- Babinski syndrome 8.3% [1] | Motor paresis 50% [2], visual disturbance (field deficit) 25% [1], aphasia 25% [1] | Motor paresis 75% [6], sensory disturbances 25% [2], visual disturbance (field deficit) 25% [2] | Motor paresis 61.9% [13], ataxia 28.6% [6], aphasia 23.8% [5], dysarthria 19% [4], vertigo 9.5% [2] | Motor paresis 75% [3], speech disturbances 75% [3], sensory disturbances 50% [2], | Motor paresis 100% [3], aphasia 33% [1], dysarthria 33% [1], ataxia 33% [1] | Motor paresis 100% [3], aphasia 100% [3] | Motor paresis 37.5% [3], dysarthria 12.5% [1], sensory disturbances 12.5% [1] | Motor paresis 44.4% [8], aphasia 22.2% [4], ataxia 22.2% [4], cranial nerve involvement 11.1% [2], sensory disturbances 5.6% [1], vertigo 11.1% [2], visual field defect 5.6% [1]) | Motor paresis 41.7% [5], speech disturbances 25% [3], sensory disturbances (numbness, tingling) 33% [4], Ataxia 33% [4], | Persistent neurologic deficit or stroke 40.5% (66) | Motor paresis 52% [13],sSpeech Disorders 32% [8], sensory disturbances 44% [11], cranial Nerve Deficits 24% [6], ataxia 20% [5], vertigo 12% [3], | Motor paresis 47.4% [9] | Dizziness/ver tigo 100% [5], sensory disturbances (facial numbness) 40% [2], dysarthria 20% [1] | |||||||||
| Seizure | 21% [3] | 60% [3] | 41.6% [5] | ND | 47% [18] | 25% [1] | ND | 9.5% [2] | 25% [2] | ND | 66.6% [2] | ND | ND | 22.2% [4] | 8.3% [1] | 17% [2] | 20.2% [33] | 28% [13] | 24% [6] | 35% [36] | 26.3% [5] | 25.8% [8] | ND | ND |
| Impaired level of consciousness | ND | 40% [2] | ND | ND | Diffuse neurological deficit 50% [19] | ND | 37.5% [3] | ND | ND | ND | ND | 33% [1] | 37.5% [3] | 11.1% [2] | ND | 50% [6] | ND | ND | 16% [4] | 26% [27] | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Psychiatric/mood disorders | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 33% [1] | ND | ND | 11.1% [2] | ND | ND | ND | ND | 24% [6] | 22% [22] | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Other findings | Blurred vision 14% [2] | Visual disturbance (scotomata) 20% [1] | Encephalitic syndrome 16.6% [2] | Visual disturbance 33.3% [7] | Visual disturbance (blurred vision) 25% [1] | Encephalopathy 33% [1] | Decreased visual acuity 5.6% [1], | Visual disturbances 41.6% [5] | Visual Disturbances 12% [3] |
*ND no data