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. 2020 Oct 16;11:5247. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19076-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schematic representation of stereotactic injection of a EF1α-DIO-SSFO-EYFP adeno-associated virus in the anterior TRN of VGAT::IRES-Cre driver mice, and bilateral optic fiber placement in TRN or AD. b Representative EEG/EMG and thalamic LFP/unit/burst activities during NREM sleep episodes outside and within stimulation of TRN^VGAT cells. The brown-shaded areas in the top traces are expanded below. Red arrows indicate the detected spindles. c Quantification of single-unit and burst firing of TRN (n = 14 cells) and VB (n = 8 cells) neurons during TRN activation, normalized to the baseline condition. Both single-unit and burst firing of TRN and VB neurons significantly increased as compared to baseline (TRN stimulation vs. control: TRN: unit: P = 0.0002; t = 5.1; d.f. = 13; burst: P < 0.0001; t = 8.8; d.f. = 13; n = 14 cells, 6 animals; VB: unit: P = 0.003; t = 4.4; d.f. = 7; burst: P = 0.0002; t = 7.0; d.f. = 7; n = 8 cells, 6 animals; two-sided paired t-test; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). d Spindle rate significantly increases upon optogenetic activation of TRN^VGAT neurons or their terminals within AD (TRN stimulation vs. control: TRN: P = 0.032, VB: P = 0.035, BARR: P = 0.041, EEG1: P = 0.004, EEG2: P = 0.009; AD stimulation vs. control: EEG1: P = 0.013, EEG2: P = 0.016; F = 4.48; d.f. = 4; two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; n = control:4, TRN:6, AD:3 animals). e Averaged NREM sleep transitions (left), latency to next states (middle) and bout duration upon SSFO activation of TRN (red), AD (yellow), or control (blue; TRN or AD stimulation vs. control: NREM transitions: P < 0.0001 for N2R and N2W; F = 0.82; d.f. = 2; latency to vigilance state: P > 0.05 for all states; F = 1.7; d.f. = 4; two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; n = control: 4, TRN:6, AD:3 animals). All values are reported as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.