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. 2020 Oct 16;11:5240. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19010-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Supratemporal responses during two chronometric stimulation experiments. The first patient is shown on the left and the second on the right. a Electrode positions relative to patient-specific neuroanatomy. Two pairs of electrodes localized to HG/TTS and PT demonstrated sustained (blue) and transient responses (red), respectively. b Average percent change in high-gamma power during auditory naming to definition: sentence listening (left) and articulation (right). The transient response is entirely suppressed during articulation. c Chronometric cortical stimulation mapping with 50 Hz balanced 0.3 ms period square waves for 3 s during sentence repetition. Successful trials are indicated by full boxes, failed trials by empty boxes, and trials with a single error (e.g. word replacement) by half-full boxes. Stimulation was delivered either at stimulus onset (top panel) or offset (middle and bottom panel). The patient was unable to repeat the stimulus when HG/TTS was stimulated during listening, but was unaffected when the HG/TTS was stimulated during production. In contrast, stimulation of PT during production induced failure. d Chronometric stimulation during auditory naming to definition at either acoustic edges (x’s; dotted lines) or uniformly distributed times (o’s; dashed lines). Baseline accuracies were 94 and 99% (gray bar). Stimulation at acoustic edges in HG/TTS (left blue bar) and PT (red bar) resulted in naming accuracies of 32 and 81% in the first patient and 64 and 95% in the second patient. Stimulation of HG/TTS delivered uniformly throughout the stimulus (right blue bar) resulted in naming accuracies of 61 and 86%. Significant differences between binomial distributions were evaluated via z statistic (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).