Table 4.

Summary of the Economic Development topic.

Sub-theme	Papers	Findings	What can be learned	Lessons for Governments	Further study for research
Economic Development	Abdullah (2018)	Seventeen objectives of the SDGs are in line with the long-term objective within shariah. Stakeholders can make developments on the basis of waqf on the SDGs framework.	•Waqf is an instrument to ensure sustainable development •It requires effort to increase the awareness of waqf and optimizing the waqf asset.	•Governments could treat waqf as a mainstream instrument for economic development (SDGs) to lessen the burdens on the government budget. •Government should create policies on utilizing idle strategic waqf land and establish commercial properties using the Build Operate Transfer method. The profits generated to be used for social purposes. •Introduce the waqf concept at elementary and high schools.	•Among the elements of the SDGs are the health and education sectors. Further study of this issue could evaluate success stories on the use of waqf on health and education. •Another important study on the level of awareness of the people could be undertaken. This is important for marketing purposes.
	Hisham et al. (2013)	The argument is that istibdal in Malaysia, if it is managed well, can support sustainable economic development.
	Amuda et al. (2016)	Cash waqf collection can have a positive impact on human development.
	Noor and Yunus (2014)	Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) scheme offers shariah option, which suits waqf development.
	Shabbir (2018)	Categorize waqf land and prioritize the four sectors, namely, agriculture, commercial, residential, and religious.
	Mohsin (2013)	A cash waqf is to be channeled not only into the religious sector but also other sectors that many people need, such as education, health, commercial activities, infrastructure.
	Shaikh et al. (2017)	The advantage of waqf is its flexibility on the uses for the beneficiaries.
	Suhaimi et al. (2014)	The endowment fund scheme plays an important role in economic development in the Muslim community in Penang.
	Iman and Mohammad (2017)	Waqf-based entrepreneurship can be an alternative for the welfare of society.
	Sanusi and Shafiai (2015)	Waqf is proven to contribute to religious, economic, and social sectors by conducting a study on the two waqf institutions in Malaysia.
	Adeyemi et al. (2016)	Awareness of a cash waqf is still low due to social and cultural problems, and less promotion in Malaysia.
	Sulaiman and Zakari (2019)	Only one out of seven waqf institutions ensures financial sustainability.
	Pitchay et al. (2018)	Cooperative-waqf model reflects an increase in participation in developing idle waqf land.
	Thaker (2018)	Crowdfunding-waqf model (CWM) developing idle waqf land using information technology.
	Thaker et al. (2018)