Table 1.

Markers of Cardiac Structure and Function in ESKD

Measure	Definition	Indicator	Related Studies
Left ventricular mass	Estimated mass of left ventricle	Left ventricular hypertrophy	10, 29, 30
Left ventricular mass index	Estimated mass of left ventricle divided by body surface area	Left ventricular hypertrophy	10, 29, 30, 44, 45, 46, 52, 55, 59
Left ventricular ejection fraction	The end-diastolic volume of left ventricle minus end-systolic volume, divided by end-diastolic volume	Left ventricular systolic chamber function	30, 35
Left ventricular end-systolic volume	Volume of blood in left ventricle at end of systolic ejection	Left ventricular systolic function	30
Left ventricular end-diastolic volume	Volume of blood in left ventricle at end of diastole	Left ventricular structure	47
E/e’ ratio	The ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic filling (E) to early diastolic lengthening of left ventricle (e’)	Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction	33, 35
Systolic strain	Percent shortening or lengthening of myocardium in systole in a given plane	Systolic myocardial function
Global longitudinal strain	Strain in planes parallel to long axis of ventricle (negative systolic value due to systolic shortening)	Left ventricular systolic myocardial function	33, 34, 35, 38, 50, 58
Global radial strain	Transmural myocardial thickening, orthogonal to longitudinal stain and perpendicular to endocardium (a positive value)	Left ventricular systolic Myocardial function	34
Circumferential strain	Strain along circumference of short-axis planes perpendicular to length of the ventricle	Left ventricular systolic myocardial function	49, 50
Mechanical dyssynchrony	A prolonged delay between beginning and end of the onset of systolic strain or wall thickening in myocardium of a cardiac chamber	Systolic dysfunction that can be improved by resynchronization of contraction	34, 38, 39

Abbreviations: E/e′, the ratio of the peak velocity of early diastolic filling (E) to the early diastolic lengthening of the left ventricle (e′); ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.

Definitions adapted from Feigenbaum’s Echocardiography 7th edition.⁶⁹