Figure 3.
Activation of resident kidney cells produces proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.51 Chronic inflammation is evidenced by activation of resident kidney cells adapting a proinflammatory response. These resident cells include endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes, and tubular epithelial cells. Abbreviations: IFN-ɑ, interferon α; IL-6, interleukin 6; NF-κB, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Adapted by permission from Springer Nature. Nat Rev Immunol. The immune system and kidney disease: basic concepts and clinical implications. Kurts C, Panzer U, Anders HJ, Rees AJ. Copyright 2013.