Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical indices among the cases∗ and control groups.
| Variables | Groups, mean ± SD | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 200) | Control (n = 263) | ||
| Age, y | 29.27 ± 5.96 | 27.61 ± 6.34 | 0.004 |
| Weight, kg | 74.45 ± 13.10 | 74.53 ± 12.97 | 0.943 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.67 ± 4.88 | 29.67 ± 4.62 | 0.994 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 96.17 ± 15.03 | 98.11 ± 17.73 | 0.215 |
| Physical activity, MET/h | 9.61 ± 0.48 | 9.59 ± 0.46 | 0.749 |
| SBP, mmHg | 120.15 ± 15.61 | 120.26 ± 17.72 | 0.464 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.92 ± 9.01 | 76.11 ± 8.50 | 0.130 |
| FG, mg/dl | 148.00 ± 48.92 | 78.20 ± 10.94 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 7.81 ± 1.68 | 5.58 ± 1.16 | <0.0001 |
| TC, mg/dl | 179.07 ± 62.38 | 170.90 ± 38.14 | 0.083 |
| TG, mg/dl | 172.14 ± 86.32 | 128.87 ± 40.69 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 95.52 ± 30.03 | 93.53 ± 34.33 | 0.516 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 45.60 ± 9.43 | 47.25 ± 9.17 | 0.059 |
| ALT, IU/L | 21.99 ± 14.74 | 20.11 ± 10.57 | 0.112 |
| AST, IU/L | 22.57 ± 15.62 | 22.60 ± 12.98 | 0.977 |
| SES score | 1.63 ± 0.90 | 1.45 ± 0.80 | 0.027 |
| Multivitamin intake; n (%) | 39 (19.5) | 50 (19.2) | 0.895 |
∗Case: women with gestational diabetes mellitus. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FG: fasting glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1C; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; SES: socioeconomic status.