Table 2.
Dietary intake and dietary total antioxidant capacity among the cases∗ and control groups.
| Dietary intake | Groups | P value∞ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 200) | Control (n = 263) | ||
| Total energy intake, kcal | 1970.32 ± 500.06 | 1861.89 ± 612.86 | 0.042 |
| Carbohydrate, g | 320.87 ± 2.79 | 329.09 ± 2.43 | 0.027 |
| Fat, g | 46.27 ± 1.19 | 45.03 ± 1.04 | 0.433 |
| Protein, g | 67.57 ± 1.16 | 62.71 ± 1.01 | 0.002 |
| Fiber, g | 26.51 ± 0.58 | 26.60 ± 0.50 | 0.906 |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 0.308 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 265.18 ± 6.55 | 307.41 ± 5.72 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E, IU/d | 7.30 ± 0.35 | 7.35 ± 0.31 | 0.913 |
| Vitamin A, IU/d | 1385.87 ± 58.80 | 1572.87 ± 51.35 | 0.017 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 1248.56 ± 31.74 | 1270.27 ± 27.71 | 0.607 |
| Zinc, mg/d | 8.89 ± 0.14 | 9.13 ± 0.13 | 0.228 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 369.21 ± 5.97 | 371.50 ± 5.21 | 0.773 |
| Vitamin B2, IU/d | 2.25 ± 0.04 | 2.31 ± 0.03 | 0.227 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.71 ± 0.03 | 1.82 ± 0.02 | 0.008 |
| Selenium, μg/d | 0.07 ± 0.002 | 0.06 ± 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Iron, mg/d | 12.51 ± 0.19 | 12.53 ± 0.17 | 0.919 |
| Manganese, mg/d | 4.12 ± 0.10 | 4.41 ± 0.08 | 0.028 |
| Fruits, g | 584.36 ± 15.84 | 663.781 ± 13.91 | <0.0001 |
| Fruit juices, g | 5.44 ± 1.10 | 8.50 ± 0.96 | 0.038 |
| Vegetables, g | 449.54 ± 15.64 | 500.39 ± 13.73 | 0.015 |
| Nuts, g | 11.45 ± 1.29 | 14.50 ± 1.13 | 0.077 |
| Egg, g | 9.10 ± 0.56 | 10.26 ± 0.72 | 0.125 |
| Rice, g | 317.27 ± 12.05 | 328.95 ± 10.52 | 0.467 |
| Legumes, g | 22.14 ± 1.23 | 28.73 ± 1.08 | <0.0001 |
| Grains, g | 402.83 ± 11.93 | 402.90 ± 10.41 | 0.997 |
| Red meat, g | 8.12 ± 0.37 | 8.57 ± 0.32 | 0.361 |
| Fish and chicken, g | 14.73 ± 0.74 | 17.51 ± 0.64 | 0.005 |
| Processed meat, g | 1.78 ± 0.34 | 5.18 ± 0.30 | <0.0001 |
| TRAP, mmol/d | 8.34 ± 0.26 | 8.60 ± 0.23 | 0.462 |
| FRAP, mmol/d | 11.13 ± 0.28 | 12.88 ± 0.25 | < 0.0001 |
| TEAC, mmol/d | 7.18 ± 0.20 | 7.45 ± 0.17 | 0.311 |
∗Case: women with gestational diabetes mellitus. ∞All food values presented as mean and standard error using ANCOVA test which adjusted for energy intake. Total energy intake presented as mean and standard deviation ANOVA. TRAP: total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter; FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma; TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.